424 
E. A. A. GRANGE. 
as this muscle is not regarded as one of the muscles of the fore 
arm, it seems unfair to include any of it in the measurement of 
that part. In the second place the skin of some animals is 
thicker than that of others, while a species of second skin, that 
binds down the group of muscles which enter into the formation 
of the fore arm and called fascia by anatomists, is considerably 
denser in some than in others; again fat is found filling up the 
parts, so as to make them appear larger, while the muscles them¬ 
selves may be somewhat poorly developed; but where we find 
individual muscles standing clearly out by themselves, that is 
with slight depressions between them, amounting in some 
instance to grooves, and when they are firm, cordy as it were, to 
the touch, we may be tolerable certain that such muscles are 
composed of good tough fibers that can stand the strain and are 
consequently well developed. 
It may not be apparent to all why it is so essential for a good 
horse to have a well developed arm, but when we come to 
examine those instantaneous photographs, so common in these 
times, we will at once see that much depends upon the perfect 
action of the arm in order that the pace may be continued in 
anything like a harmonious manner. It will be seen in Plate V, 
Fig. 2, that at certain stages of progression the entire weight of 
the body is upon one fore leg, and that the muscles of the fore 
arm have to carry it over a center as it were, something in the 
same manner as the athlete progresses with a leaping pole,—the 
horse must be landed on the other side of the center in a firm, 
steady manner in order that the next stride may be performed in 
anything like a proper way, for let anything interfere with the 
action of these muscles and the next step is so modified that it 
is far from perfect. We have this often well illustrated in the 
horse suffering from, we will say for convenience sake, a corn; 
the animal steps upon something, a small stone for instance, that 
causes undue pressure at the moment the entire weight of the 
body is upon the foot, or just as it is about to pass over the 
center, this undue pressure causes pain which shoots through the 
whole leg, this causes the muscles of the fore arm to wince and 
