GLANDERS. 
213 
tissues in pneumonia which were previously very full of blood, do 
not give up their color as in glanders, but retain a very marked 
yellowish-red color. Finally, one must always have recourse to a 
critical study of the conditions of other organs. The frequent ap¬ 
pearance of calcified noduli of a size corresponding to those of 
glanders, has often led to mistaken conclusions. They are gener¬ 
ally round, with sharply defined limits, and enclosed in a very del¬ 
icate, transparent capsule of connective tissue, from which they 
can easily be removed. The inner surface of this capsule is per¬ 
fectly smooth. It has never been possible to find any adhesions 
between these objects and the bronchial tubes; cross-section of 
these calcified noduli shows a striated structure; they are often 
distributed over the lungs in great numbers, as well as in the 
bronchial glands, but less frequently in the submaxillaries; they 
seem to have a special predilection for the liver. These things 
have no connection with glanders. 
Bronchitic, peri-bronchitic and bronclio-static noduli have 
been frequently mistaken for those of glanders of an old date. It 
is natural that this error should occur when the extension which 
the idea of primary pulmonary glanders has attained among veter¬ 
inarians is taken into consideration. 
These bronchial noduli are the product of chronic inflammatory 
processes in the parietes of the bronchials; some develop in the 
lumen of the tube, causing obstruction—bronchitis proliferans; 
in other cases, besides thickening of the walls of the tube, a puru¬ 
lent fluid is secreted, causing distension of the tube—bronchitis 
chronica catarrhalis. When the irritative processes extend to the 
tissues surrounding the tubes, a peri-bronchitis is the result, caus¬ 
ing the development of connective tissue and apparent thickening 
of the walls of the air tubes. The puruleut mass frequently accu¬ 
mulates and becomes caseous—bronchitis caseosus—causing com¬ 
plete obstruction; at other times this mass calcifies, and the lime¬ 
like material is enclosed by the bronchial wall. These irritative 
processes generally occur in and around bronchial tubes of the 
smallest calibre; they may be quite extensive, or more or less 
sharply circumscribed ; in the latter case the tubes look as if 
studded with small noduli throughout their extent—bronchitis and 
