A. E. STEVEB. 
2i> 
History and Distribution of “ Tick FeverT —The place of 
origin of this disease is unknown; it is claimed to have existed 
for centuries in some countries of Europe, among which are 
mentioned southern France, Italy, Turkey and along the Danube 
river in Roumania. It is also prevalent in the West Indies, 
Mexico, Central America, South America, Australia, Africa, 
Ireland, Finland, Germany, southern Russia, India, China, Japan 
and the Philippine Islands. It was probably introduced into the 
United States with the importation of cattle by the Spaniards 
during the early colonization of Mexico and the southern United 
States. 
It seems to have been described first in this country by Dr. J. 
Pease toward the -close of the eighteenth century. At that time 
a severe outbreak occurred in Fancaster County, Pa., and Pease, 
after investigating the condition, claimed it to have been due 
directly to the shipment of North Carolina cattle into the State. 
Experience soon showed that the result following the trans¬ 
portation of southern cattle into the northern States was the 
death of all northern cattle along the roads which southern cattle 
had traveled, although the latter animals remained healthy. In 
1868 Texas cattle shipped to Illinois and Indiana early in the 
summer caused enormous losses, and cattle shipped from these 
States to the East died during transportation. These great 
losses soon prompted the study of the disease by many scientific 
men, whose investigations soon established the great danger of 
allowing southern cattle to pass into the northern States, and 
finally resulted, in 188=;, in the location of the infected district 
and the establishment of the Texas fever quarantine line in 1891 
by Dr. D. E. Salmon, which have been the most important steps 
yet taken toward controlling the disease.. 
Smith was the first (1889) to recognize and describe as pro¬ 
tozoa the intracorpuscular parasites, which are the direct causa¬ 
tive agents of the disease, although Babes had previous diag¬ 
nosed them as bacteria (Hema toco ecus) for Starcovici, who 
found them in the blood of Roumanian cattle in 1888. In 1889 
and 1890 Kilborne, by conclusive field experiments, proved the 
