CRYPTORCHID CASTRATION. 
577 
termine why. This can be clone most effectively by grasping the 
spermatic cord, already out, with one hand and passing the fore¬ 
finger of the other hand into the opening, when he can feel the 
testicle and determine why it does not come through the opening. 
If the operator finds a cystic tumor of sufficient size as not to 
allow the passage through the opening without danger of making 
it so large that hernia will result, he may do one of two things, 
either tap the tumor with a trocar and draw off the fluid, or have 
an assistant pass the hand through the rectum and by gentle 
pressure against the tumor force the fluids gradually through the 
opening. When the operator finds either of the other two con¬ 
ditions, he must, by careful manipulation, remove the testicle 
through the opening at the same time using great care to prevent 
tearing a larger opening than is necessary to admit of its passage. 
This can best be done (as in the former case) by an assistant 
pressing the testicle against the opening. The operator should 
at all times have a firm hold on the cord and with the fingers of 
the other hand press the edges of the opening around the testicle. 
When removed if the opening is considered too large, the edges 
of the skin should be stitched together and remain so until some 
swelling has taken place, when the stitches should be removed. 
The animal should be watched for a few hours after he has re¬ 
gained his feet, and if the intestines protrude through the internal 
opening, they will show their presence by an enlargement at that 
point, and possibly by pain exhibited by the patient. If this con¬ 
dition presents itself the hernia can easily be reduced by the 
pressure of the hand over the enlargement. 
Technique. 
Cryptorchids may properly be placed in two classes, namely: 
perfect and imperfect. Those cases in which the testicle and the 
cord are both retained in the abdomen are known as perfect 
cryptorchids; those in which the testicle alone is retained in the 
abdominal cavity, the cord being looped into or through the in¬ 
guinal canal, are known as imperfect cryptorchids. Those cases 
known as flankers, in which the cord and testicle have descended, 
