GENEALOGY OF THE HORSE, ETC. 
11 
ground. The remains of the hipparion were found in Greece, 
France, Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Asia. 
In a lower tertiary strata, that is the miocene, we find an ani¬ 
mal called anchiterium resembling the hipparion, though it 
has a smaller head and a difference in the teeth. Each foot has 
three toes, which are small, but in comparison with the hipparion 
larger and better developed. Eemains of the anchiterium are 
found in the gypsum strata near Paris, also in England, Germany 
and the Alps. 
In a still lower tertiary strata, that is in the eocene, the form 
of the equine race deviates so much from that of to-day that it is 
very little like it. 
The genealogical tree of our horses, which has been traced to 
the oldest strata of the tertiary, shows many deficiencies in 
Europe; that of North America, explained by Marsh, is much 
more complete. 
According to Wilkens the paleontological history of equine- 
like animals in North America is as follows: 
The oldest representative of the horse, as far as now known, 
is the small eohippus (the size of a fox) of the lower eocene, on 
whose fore foot are four well developed toes, and the rest of a 
fifth, and three toes on the hind foot. 
In the next higher layer of the eocene the orohippus makes 
its appearance. This animal has a slight, though greater, resem¬ 
blance to the horse type than the erohippns; the aborted fifth toe 
has already disappeared. 
Near the basis of the miocene, a third species, messohippus, 
which is a degree more horse-like, is found. It possesses but 
three toes and an undeveloped bone-splinter on the fore foot and 
three toes on the hind foot. 
Then a fourth form—mioliippus, in the upper miocene, closely 
resembles the anchiterium of Europe. The three toes on the 
fore foot are nearly a size and a rest of the fourth bone is still 
visible. 
The protohippus of the lower pliocene is very much like the 
hipparion of Europe. These animals possessed three toes, but 
the middle one only, corresponding to the single hoof of the 
present horse, touched the ground. 
