560 
»T. FAUST. 
Spanish succession, and the Seven Years War, accompanied by 
the total lack of sanitary measures, which were first intro¬ 
duced in the beginning of the 18th century. More complete 
and better descriptions are extant, written by physicians who 
made an accurate study of the phenomena and the course of 
the epidemics. We are therefore in a better position to de¬ 
cide what diseases were involved in the several epidemics. 
Fracastoro has left us notes on one of these, which appeared 
among the cattle in Italy in 1514. It was first observed in the 
Frial, whence it spread into the territories of Venice, Verona, 
and later into France and England. The principal symptoms 
were : loss of appetite and inflammation of the palate, the 
mucous membrane of which was covered with pustules; soon 
after a rash appeared on the shoulders and limbs. If this did 
not appear, the disease generally proved fatal. 
Some authors, as Dupuy, think that this disease was small¬ 
pox, others consider it the “ cattle-plague ” (Louiser.) Hei- 
singer, however, calls it stomatitis aphthosa maligna. In the 
following year (1515) a very destructive plague raged in 
France, called “ tac,” of which no description is extant; it is 
also unknown from what source the name is derived. Belon, 
a physician of the sixteenth century, conjectures that it is 
named from the “ talsol ” (an ampyreumatic oil, known now 
in the Languedo as “ Oil de Cade) ” which was used extreme¬ 
ly as a remedy for the disease. Paulet, however, believes that 
the disease was named from its contagious nature, it being 
transmitted by touch. Probably it was the same disease 
as that which broke out among the cattle in the preceding 
year. In 1552 an epidemic broke out among the cattle of 
Lucca, which proved very fatal. Thomas Wierus relates that 
while the farmers killed the diseased cattle, if any blood spat¬ 
tered on them, carbuncles soon after appeared. It was prob¬ 
ably anthrax. In 1568 Joubert, in his work concerning the 
plague, for the first time mentions the pox among sheep, 
which he observed with Rabelais in the neighborhood of 
Montpelier. In 1599 a very destructive epidemic raged in 
Italy, simultaneously with the pox there and in France. The 
Senate of Venice issued (according to Ramazzin) an edict for- 
