562 
J. FAUST. 
of silver or iron until blood came, and to wash out the wound 
with a mixture of vinegar, pepper and salt. A case is known 
where a man died of the disease through eating from a spoon 
with which scraping had been done. 
In 1690-92, a great mortality existed among the cattle of 
North Italy, simultaneously with the intermittent fever 
among the inhabitants of that part. Ramazinni thinks that it 
was caused by spoiled fodder which had been covered by sour 
mildew. The leading symptom was the breaking out of pus¬ 
tules on the head, neck, and on the shanks, which resembled 
the pox in form, color, size, and the course of the disease. 
Most of the diseased animals became blind or died from ex¬ 
haustion and loss of strength. Swine died in droves as if 
choked to death. In the summer of 1691 the sheep were al¬ 
most entirely destroyed. In 1692 Hessia lost the greater part 
of its cattle through a malignant disease of the lungs. Valen¬ 
tine says, that on making an examination, the lungs were found 
to be turned into matter. He thinks that the causes were a 
sharp, bitter frost, and a severe cold. The first case of pox 
attacking sheep ever known in Germany, occurred there in 
1698, a description of which is given by Stegman. Of the 
epidemics of the eighteenth century our attention is first 
claimed by an epidemic among horses in the beginningof the 
century. 
In 1702 it was observed on the banks of the Rhine and in 
Lombardy, and in the following year on the banks of the 
Oder. 
In 1704 it spread into Poland, Alsace and the Netherlands, 
where it raged so much that all commerce with England 
was forbidden. It lasted till 1705 in Poland, Saxony, and on 
the Rhine. The cattle plague, however, possesses the most 
interest for us. It was first observed (1709) on the bounda¬ 
ries of Europe and Asia, and in the Tartary regions ; Kanold, 
in his early history, is uncertain whether it first broke out in 
these regions, or whether it was brought over from Asia, or 
was a “ malum endemium ” in this region, as the small-pox in 
Egypt and Turkey. 
It was first observed in Astrachan, on the banks of the Don 
