598 
F. OSGOOD. 
us in the compilation made in the tenth century by direction 
of the Emperor Constantine Porphyrogennetos. 
Fragmentary notes upon the diseases of cattle, sheep, 
swine and goats are found in the writings of the Greek agri¬ 
culturists Cato, Verro, Celsus and Columella. 
The sixteenth century witnesses the great Renaissance 
movement in literature, arts and science. This renewed 
interest in science caused investigation into the anatomy and 
physiology of domestic animals; the most important record 
of which is Ruini’s treatise on the anatomy and defects of the 
horse, published in Bologna, in 1590. This book is thought 
to embody the existing knowledge of the subject of animal 
medicine. 
Bourgelat’s fame, and the services of Lafosse, the leading 
veterinarians of the last century, inspired a movement through¬ 
out Europe which bore fruit in the establishment of veterinary 
schools in the principal educational centres : Copenhagen in 
1 773 I Vienna in 1777; Hanover in 1778; Dresden in 1730; 
Berlin and Munich in 1790, and London in 1791. 
I have thought to illustrate what progress has been made 
in veterinary education, and in the study of the science since 
its inception, and particularly in recent years, to assist us in 
formulating some plan for future action by presenting to you 
certain facts that 1 have collected from the best available 
sources regarding the status of the science abroad, the educa¬ 
tional requirements at the principal universities, the regula¬ 
tions which govern the practice of veterinary medicine, and 
the position of the veterinarian in the British and Continental 
armies. 
EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS IN EUROPE. 
While in our own country we have with difficulty made 
some advances in the betterment of our educational require¬ 
ments by the establishment of the three years graded course 
in a number of our veterinary institutions, and in more rigid 
matriculation examinations, they have in Great Britain, with¬ 
out serious opposition, been able to place the educational 
requirements upon a more satisfactory basis. 
We learn from the Proceedings of the Ro)’al College of 
