REPORT ON INTELLIGENCE AND EDUCATION. 
603 
erinary schools at Alfort, Lyons and Toulouse, or those 
given by the Minister of Agriculture to students who have 
passed examinations equivalent to the requirements for the 
graduating class of the national veterinary school. The 
other countries that require diplomas for the practice of vet¬ 
erinary science are Denmark since 1857, Russia since 1857, 
Switzerland since 1865, Italy since 1865, Holland since 1874, 
England since 1881, and the German Empire from its 
foundation. 
GERMANY. 
In Germany veterinary schools were founded in Hanover, 
1778; Berlin, 1790; Munich, 1790; Stuttgart, 1821, and the 
veterinary institution at Dresden in 1730. The course of in¬ 
struction at these schools covered a period of from one to 
three years, and while it was not unrecognized that the mas¬ 
tery of veterinary science required a thorough scientific edu¬ 
cation, yet it was thought that, in the interest of cattle 
owners, as large a number as possible of veterinary surgeons 
should be created, and to this purpose there must be some 
with a limited education, therefore two classes of veterinary 
surgeons were recognized, those having a scientific education 
being qualified in the first division, and less educated in the 
second. In 1869, following the example of the German gov¬ 
ernment, Prussia first withheld its approbation of veterina¬ 
rians ot the second class, and the military administration 
begun to take an increased interest in the education of veter¬ 
inarians, and regulations tending to its improvement were 
adopted by the governments of the German Empire. The 
control of the education of veterinarians in the German 
Empire is now confided to the Minister of the Interior, and the 
course of studies has been extended to seven semesters or 
terms. The average attendance at the German schools is as 
follows: Berlin, four hundred and fifty, of whom about one- 
third belong to the army ; Hanover, two hundred and twenty ; 
Dr sden, eighty; Munich, ninety; Stuttgart, seventy-five. 
The practice of veterinary medicine is forbidden except to 
those holding diplomas. 
