132 
DEPARTMENT OF SURGERY. 
TRANSVERSE SECTION OF THE EYE ; LOCATION OF IMAGES REFLECTED. 
a, ciliary muscle ; b, canal of Petit; c , lens ; d , posterior chamber ; e, pupil ; /, iris ; g, cornea ; 
h, anterior chamber ; i, 2. 3, images of flame. 
mand of its technique; and moderate practice with strict adher- 
ance to important rules will soon widen the field of its employ¬ 
ment. The veterinarian that wishes to become proficient in 
the use of the ophthalmoscope must learn to detect abnormali¬ 
ties that need attention and class them into as few groups as 
possible. The novice should not expect to succeed in all cases, 
especially when the conditions are such as to try the patience 
of or even baffle an expert. He should commence with easy 
cases and learn to diagnose these with few failures, which will 
gradually make him more proficient. 
It is not necessary to have an elaborate and costly instru¬ 
ment designed for a great diversity of ophthalmoscopic work, 
even though such an instrument is naturally preferred. A very 
good improvised ophthalmoscope can be made with a piece of 
looking-glass having a small round hole scratched in its silver¬ 
ing ; a small round pocket mirror fixed in this manner is a very 
good improvisation. “ The mirror is the essential part (of an 
ophthalmoscope), everything else being accessory.”— (Van Ma¬ 
ter's Veterinary Ophthalmology .) 
The object in encouraging its use is to enable the veterinary 
oculist to increase his percentage of good diagnoses. Many of 
the clients of the present veterinarian are men that have a good 
knowledge of biology, zoology, anatomy and physiology, and 
will not “stand” for the old-time veterinary diagnoses, or those 
made “on the run ” ; each one must be accompanied by a logical 
chain of evidence leading to a plausible cause of the condition 
