37 
contain them, the walls of this cavity were considerably gnawed 
n half an inch to an inch and perhaps more, often almost or 
ce hard to the exterior. 
r* 
The manner in which the injury is done by this worm seems to 
er from that of the ordinary joint-worm more in the way than 
the effect. According to Dr. Fitch and others, the presence of 
worm in the hard tissue of the outside of the stalk, whether of 
joint or of the internode, a little removed from the joint, arrests 
flow of sap by the hard, knotty gall, but this seems to arrest 
flow more from breaking the internal fibers of the internode, 
this case there is not so often a breaking down of the stalk as 
h the joint-worm, for the erect position of the culm is not inter- 
ad with, and the outer or stiff portion remains entire till the 
feet insect is ready to emerge. The chief influence upon the 
eat seems to be exerted during the later stages of its growth, 
en the worm is approaching its maturity, as it is then probably 
more rapid feeder. As evidence of this, the heads are fully 
med, to all appearance, but the grain in them is light, and they 
en prematurely, showing that the supply of material for the full 
'elopment of the head has been cut off.” 
REMEDIAL MEASURES. 
the greater part of the larvae remain in the stubble, especially 
the grain be not cut very close, and as they continue here in one 
m or another, at least until mid-winter, and usually until the 
towing March or April, it is at once evident that nearly the en- 
3 brood may be exterminated by burning the stubble. In case of 
ight yield, or when the wheat has grown up to weeds, it will 
en be difficult to burn the field over, but if the insect is at all 
^tractive, it will doubtless pay to run a mower over the field, 
rning the vegetation after it has dried. 
The usual absence of wings and the slight locomotive power of so 
nute an insect, give us another resource against its injuries, since a 
nple rotation of crops must almost wholly prevent the adults from 
j/ing their eggs in wheat as they emerge from the stubble in spring, 
ch of their number as have the power of flight may doubtless 
d suitable situations for oviposition; and if a field of wheat lies 
joining to one in which that grain had been raised the preceding 
;ar, the adjacent border might become infested by even the wing- 
Ls females, but doubtless this injury could not extend far. 
Whether it will be best to take any measures against those indi- 
luals carried away in the straw, it is impossible to say with cer- 
, nty without further observation and some slight experiment. It 
not unlikely, however, that these are killed in threshing; and 
en if this is not the case, as the greater part of the straw is 
mmonly fed before the adults would emerge in ordinary seasons, 
ry few of those infesting the straw could possibly be available for 
e maintenance of the species the following year. At any rate, the 
nple and easy precaution of burning the remnants of strawstacks 
i rly in spring, would remove all possible danger from this source. 
