28 
FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE 
found lame in but three of tlie 70. Subsequently about the middle ot August I cut 
into a large number, and found lame in almost every one. 
2d. On August 22d I cut into an apple, that was very extensively bored and had 
manifestly raised a larva to maturity. Yet it contained a very small larva, only three- 
sixteenths of an inch long, and altogether too young to have devoured so much of the 
core and pulp of the apple. Hence it is plain that, after the first larva had made its 
exit, an egg was deposited on this apple, from which proceeded a second larva. 
3d. I have repeatedly, from apples, pears, and even crab-apples, of the same 
year’s growth, raised the winged moth in the latter end of July and the forepart oi 
August. Now, if such moths generate at all, where can they lay their eggs, except in 
the fruit of the same year’s growth, which presupposes a true second brood ? Unless 
indeed we assume that they live in the moth state from the latter end of July and the 
forepart of August all through the winter and until the following June, which can 
scarcely be believed. If, on the other hand, they do not generate at all, then nature 
has made them in vain, which is incredible. 
4th. On Oct. 23d, I found 7 or 8 cocoons of this insect, in the crotches of a badly 
infested tree, among the loose scales. On being broken open, they were found to con¬ 
tain the larva still unchanged into pupa. Consequently, these were evidently destined 
to pass the winter in the cocoon, and come out in the moth state in the following June, 
in time to lay their eggs in next year’s crop of apples. 
On the whole, although the two broods run into one another by scattering individuals 
generated unusually late or unusually early — as is often the case with species proved to 
be really double-brooded, for example, with the imported Gooseberry Sawfly (Nematus 
ventricosus , Klug) — yet the great bulk of the later individuals must be generated by the 
earlier individuals, and the earlier individuals must be generated by those that had 
passed the preceding winter in the cocoon, and did not assume the winged state till 
some time in June. In other words, the species is “double-brooded,” as it is called. 
The practical inference to be drawn from the above is, that a fruit-grower must not 
believe, because a certain tree is entirely free from apple-worms till the end of July, that 
therefore it will be safe from them for the rest of the year. Such a tree may be, and 
often is, attacked by the second brood of this insect in the latter part of the summer, 
when the apples are quite large ; and it is these infested apples that often hang on the 
trees to the last and ripen, whereas those infested by the earlier brood are, as a rule, 
too small and puny to withstand so extensive an erosion, and mostly fall to the ground. 
I have observed that, where early and late apple-trees grow on the same spot of ground, 
the early brood chiefly attacks the early fruit, and the late brood the late apples. A 
shoemaker or a tailor or a blacksmith would probably not be able to distinguish one 
kind of apple from another when they are both immature; but the mother Codling 
moth, as it appears, distinguishes them with ease. And yet almost any mechanic would 
tell you, that one of these despised “ bugs ” is as much a mere unthinking machine, as 
the awl or the needle or the anvil that he himself works with ! 
Almost universally, there is but a single larva in a single apple at one and the same 
time. But on August 15th, I found a windfall which contained two larvae, one of which 
had evidently entered at the calyx or blossom end, and the other at the foot stalk. I 
have noticed a few specimens where the egg had been attached to the cheek of the 
apple, and the young larva that hatched out from it had made its entry there. And I 
have also observed that, where two apples hang so as to touch one another, the larva 
bred in one of them will sometimes be depraved enough, in the mere wantonness of 
