oo 
FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE 
shrunken skin of the larva. The little elongate-oval, mahogany-brown bodies that we 
often see in cheese infested by the common Cheese-fly ( Piophila casei , Linnteus) afford a 
familiar example of this kind of pupa ; and any one may easily satisfy himself that they 
are really the pupse of the cheese-fly, by enclosing a few of them for a few days in a 
vial, till the perfect fly comes out from them. Again, the Apple-worm, as we have 
already seen, is double-brooded, the first brood of Moths appearing in June and laying 
its eggs in the blossom end of the apples when they are no bigger than hazel-nuts, and 
the second brood of Moths appearing about the beginning of August to work on the 
more fully matured fruits. The Apple-maggot, on the other hand, is single-brooded, 
the perfect flies not making their appearance till July, and the maggots, produced from 
the eggs inserted by the ovipositors of these flies into the flesh of the apple, not chang¬ 
ing back again into flies till the following July. Furthermore, the Apple-worm spins 
a slight silken cocoon above-ground; while the Apple-maggot spins no cocoon at all, 
and burrows under-ground to pass into the pupa state, remaining under the surface 
of the earth, without eating anything, all through the winter and until the middle of 
the following summer. Even the modes in which the two larvae operate upon the apple 
are perceptibly different. The Apple-worm burrows chiefly in the core of the apple and 
the part immediately around the core, though it occasionally makes an inroad upon the 
pulp, and often bores its way out through the cheek of the apple. The Apple-maggot., 
on the contrary, so far as I can And out from the statements of my correspondents and 
from the specimens of infested apples sent me, never penetrates into the core, but 
tunnels exclusively the flesh or pulp of the apple, making therein little, rough, roundish, 
irregular and discolored excavations about the size of peas ; which, when several larvae 
are at work on the same fruit, often run together, so as to render the whole a mere mass 
of useless and disgusting corruption. 
This Apple-maggot Fly must be carefully distinguished from Dr. Fitch’s Apple Midge 
(Sciara mail,) previously referred to in connection with the Grape Midge. (See above, 
p. 19.) The whole Order of Two-winged Flies {Diptera) — with the exception of the 
small and very anomalous group comprising the Bird-flies ( Ornithomyia ) and the Sheep- 
tick—is divided into two grand groups, one of which (Nemocerci) comprising the Mus- 
quitoes, Buffalo-gnats, Midges, Crane-flies, &c., has long, many-jointed antennae in the 
Fly State; while the other group ( Brachycera ,) comprising the Horse-flies, the Syrphus 
flies, many of which are cannibals, the parasitical Tachina flies, and several families 
containing the House-flies, Onion-flies, Cabbage-flies, &c., has short antennae apparently 
composed of only three joints, and usually with a slender bristle growing out of the last. 
It is to the former of these two great groups that Dr. Fitch’s Apple Midge belongs. It 
is to the latter of these two great groups that my Apple-maggot Fly belongs. They 
are therefore radically and fundamentally distinct. 
It only remains, in order to complete the History of this very beautiful, but destruct¬ 
ive species, that I should annex descriptions of it in all its stages, so that for the tuture 
it may be scientifically recognizable. A species of the same genus, not very unlike it in 
the Fly state, {Trypcta solidaginis , Fitch,) produces a round gall or swelling about the 
size of a hickory nut on the stem of a species of Golden-rod ( Solidago ) inside which, any 
time in the winter and early spring, its fat white larva may be easily discovered reposing 
calmly in a little central cell surrounded by white pithy matter. By placing some ot 
these galls, which are very common both in the East and in the West, in any conven¬ 
ient vessel, the Fly may be easily obtained from them as the spring opens. According 
to my friend Baron Osten Sacken, "who has paid special attention to the Order Diptera, 
