THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
February 25, 
178 
HOW TO DO IT. 
Fumigation. —The following directions for 
using hydrocyanic acid gas In a greenhouse (o 
destroy the white fly are taken from a bulle¬ 
tin of the Ohio Experiment Station : 
“We used one ounce of potassium cyanide 
per 1,000 cubic feet of space and according 
to the following formula: One ounce fused 
cyanide of potassium: two ounces (by meas¬ 
ure) commercial sulphuric acid; four ounces 
(by measure) water. In a house 100 feet 
long and containing 16,000 cubic feet of space 
four earthen jars were used. The 16 ounces 
of cyanide were divided into four equal 
parts' and placed in firm paper sacks. The 
water was then measured and poured into 
the vessels, adding the acid to the water (do 
hot pour the acid into the vessel before put¬ 
ting in the water). After seeing that every 
door except one was closed and locked or 
fastened, we distributed the vessels about 
equal distances apart down one aisle or path. 
Starting at the end farthest from the door 
from which he wished to make exit, the 
operator took a full breath and hastily but 
carefully dropped a sack into each vessel. 
Then the exit door was quickly closed and 
a notice posted so that no one would enter 
the room -while the fumigation was going on. 
To suspend the sacks by strings over the 
vessels and allow them all to drop at once 
from one end of the room would be a safer 
means to employ. After about .10 minutes the 
ventilators were raised slightly, and the gas 
permitted to pass off. No one was permitted 
to enter the room until the gas had had 
plenty of time to escape; this required one 
hour or more. The fumigation was done in 
all cases after the sun had gone down and 
when it was nearly or quite dark. It is 
claimed by some authorities that to fumi¬ 
gate when the sun is shining adds to the 
danger of damage to the foliage. The foli¬ 
age should be as dry as possible, as the 
presence of moisture increases the liability 
of injury to the foliage. If .there is no way 
of ventilating from without, some means 
should be provided before the fumigating is 
done, as it would be very dangerous, and 
perhaps fatal, for any person to enter while 
the gas is present. 
Boiler for Lime Sulphur.—T he diagram 
shows one side of a boiler I find conveni¬ 
ent for cooking the lime-sulphur mixture. 
This is a piece of plank six to eight feet 
long and 18 to 20 inches at widest point. 
For bottom I use a sheet of heavy galvanized 
iron 2% feet wide. In putting on the iron 
start at center. The boiler may be mounted 
on brick or stone in the ordinary way. I like 
this boiler better than one with square bot¬ 
tom, as there are no corners, and the mix¬ 
ture may readily be stirred with a hoe. 
b. c. F. 
Ora ft i no Wax. —To four pounds of resin 
and one of beeswax add one pint of linseed 
oil; put. in a heavy pot. melt slowly 
and mix well; pour inlo a tub of 
cold water, and pull by hand until 
it assumes a light color. Work inlo sticks, 
and keen in a cool place until wanted. In 
using, oil the hands, work the wax until soft, 
and press it tightly around the grafts and 
over the cracks. 
Kerosene Emulsion. —For a fresh emul¬ 
sion the following can be prepared without 
beat : Kerosene, one gallon ; sour milk, one- 
half gallon. If sweet milk is used add a 
little vinegar. Dilute one part emulsion to 
nine (using cold water), for scale insects; 
one part to 20 for soft, insects. Stock emul¬ 
sions do not keep long without separating. 
The most stable and best emulsion can be 
made with whale-oil soap, using from one- 
half to one pound of the soap dissolved in one 
gallon of hot water, and then adding two 
gallons of kerosene, and churning or agitat¬ 
ing the hot mixture until it thickens up into 
an emulsion. This should keep several weeks 
without separating, but if it gets cold, in 
order to dilute It. one should use at first 
hot water. The soaps make much more stable 
emulsions. Milk and the milk formulas are 
very rarely used nowadays. For scale in¬ 
sects the above soap emulsion should lie di¬ 
luted at the rate of one part of the emul¬ 
sion to Ihree or four of water, and for plant 
lice and similar insects with seven to nine 
parts of water. 
Destroving Weevil. —Treat grain or beans 
with bisulphide of carbon as a fumigating 
agent. Put in a tight bin: use one pint of 
the chemical to 250 cubic feet air space. 
Put the bisulphide in shallow dishes on top 
of the grain ; close bln tightly for 24 hours, 
and the heavy vapor sinks through the con¬ 
tents of the bin. This vapor is highly inflam¬ 
mable : no light of any kind should be brought 
near It. 
Treating Potatoes for Scab. —Soak the 
seed for two hours in a solution of one-half 
pint of formalin in 15 gallons of water. 
After cutting dust the pieces with sulphur, 
which reduces scab and preserves the seed 
pieces. 
Tarring Seep Corn. —Put about two quarts 
of corn in a pail, cover with hot water, then 
stir in two teaspoonfuls of tar. Stir for a 
few minutes, then pour into a leaky pail to 
drain. After draining sift plaster or dry 
road dust over it, and it can lie planted by 
the corn planter without trouble. 
Soaking Oats for Smut. —Use one pound 
of formalin (40 per cent) to 45 gallons of 
water. Put the oats in sacks, and submerge 
in the solution for 20 minutes, then lift out 
and drain for 10 minutes, after which the 
oats are spread on barn floor, and dried lor 
04 (o 36 hours before sowing, shoveling over 
several times to aid drying and avoid heat¬ 
ing. 
Seed Testing. —A simple and satisfactory 
germinating apparatus for testing seeds con¬ 
sists of two soup plates, one used as a cover, 
and two layers of cloth to hold the seeds. 
Place one piece of cloth in the lower plate, 
lav the seeds on this, cover with the other 
doth and then invert the other plate over 
it -Keep the doth moist but not wet. From 
10 to 1-1 davs will be sufficient to germinate 
most viable' seeds, except Bermuda grass, 
rye grass and Timothy, which will take 28 
davs. Count the seeds before experiment be¬ 
gins, that, the percentage germinating may be 
known. 
Boilep Lime and Sulphur. —Lime, salt 
and sulphur mixture, made by boiling one 
hour bv steam, using perforated pipe coil in 
bottom' of tank, sprayed warm on San -lose 
scale lust before the buds begin to swell in the 
Spring will positively kill every scale it 
coats without any Injury whatever to apple, 
peach, plum or pear trees. Salt may not im¬ 
prove the killing qualities, but seems to add 
adhesive power and show's better on the 
trees. The latter is a factor in making sure 
that every part of the tree is coated. Steam 
boiling is best for convenience, and if per¬ 
forated coil is properly arranged will pre¬ 
vent settling of the material while cooking. 
The properly boiled mixture will stay in 
effective condition several days, but works 
better warm. Some damage has been re¬ 
ported from using in the Fall and early Win¬ 
ter. A New Jersey orchardist gave the fol¬ 
lowing good advice on page 53 : 
“My formula is as follow's: 17 pounds 
flowers of sulphur, 34 pounds wood-burned 
lime. 13 pounds salt. I think it is quite es¬ 
sential to have the lime wood-burned, as it 
gives off more heat than that burned with 
coal. I use three gallons boiling water to 
make the sulphur paste, adding the sulphur 
as I stir, and stirring until sulphur is all 
dissolved. I use a cut-down oil barrel to 
slake the lime in; put lime in barrel, having 
heavy blankets handy to cover, then pour on 
the iime 12 gallons of boiling water; cover 
the barrel until boiling starts (which will 
be almost immediately) : then add the sul¬ 
phur paste. Cover again, inserting a hoe 
under the blanket to stir with, but stir only 
enough to keep the lime from burning, and I 
am very careful not to have my hands or 
wrists bare, for the steam is so intensely hot 
it would scald any exposed flesh. I let this 
mixture cook 20 minutes, then add 13 pounds 
salt, stirring a little. Next I strain the 
mixture into a 50-gallon cask, hanging strain¬ 
er on the side of cask. Strainer is a home¬ 
made affair, consisting of a square wooden 
frame with common wire fly netting nailed on 
bottom. This strainer must be emptied of its 
dregs tw’o or three times while running the 
mixture through. All these lixtures are on 
a platform as high as the wagon box. so 
I can stand on platform, and dip mixture 
easily with metal pail or pour in spray barrel 
on wagon alongside.” 
Lime Sulphur Without Boiling. —To 
make the wash without boiling the same pro¬ 
portions of lime, sulphur and water were 
used as given in the formula published in the 
Station bulletins, namely, 40 pounds of lime, 
20 pounds of ground sulphur and 60 gallons 
of water. In place of the salt either Bab¬ 
bitt's potash or a ground commercial caus¬ 
tic soda were used in proportion varying 
from one-fourth to one pound to each pound 
of sulphur. The former amount seemed to 
be sufficient. The caustic soda seemed to 
give as good results as the potash and is 
cheaper. The lime was slaked in a conveni¬ 
ent receptacle, much pains being taken to 
keep it slaking rapidly. When the slaking 
was well under way the sulphur, which had 
been mixed with water into a rather thin 
paste, was stirred in quickly. The potash or 
caustic soda was then added while the stirring 
was being continued. More water was added 
as needed, to keep the chemical action vig¬ 
orous, and the whole was stirred rapidly. 
As soon ns the caustic compounds were added 
the mixture changed <0 a reddish brown color 
caused by the sulphur solution. As soon as 
all bubbling had ceased, enough cold water 
(hot water would probably lie better), was 
added to make the right preparation, and this 
was sprayed upon the trees at once. The 
wash made after this method had the same 
general appearance as the boiled lime-sulpbur- 
salt wash, and seemed to spray and adhere 
to the trees as well. 
Quick Lime-Sulphur Mixture. —First 
empty into a tub or barrel 15 pounds 
of sulphur and one bucket of water, and 
stir until the sulphur is made into a paste, 
all lumps being broken up. Now add 30 
pounds of good lump lime. This will soon 
commence to slake, and should be kept well 
stirred that the sulphur material may lie 
evenly distributed. Water should be added 
as needed to keep'the mixture in the form 
of a rather stiff paste. Just as soon as the 
lime has slaked, stir in six pounds of pow¬ 
dered caustic soda. A violent boiling action 
immediately takes place, which turns the 
mixture from an orange to a brick red color. 
With the addition of enough water to make 
50 gallons of mixture, the preparation of the 
wash is complete. To use, strain the mix¬ 
ture to remove the coarse particles of lime. 
Bordeaux Mixture. —Four pounds copper 
sulphate and the same of lime, unslaked, to 
40 gallons of water. Dissolve the copper by 
hanging in an old sack in a barrel containing 
part of the water. Slake the lime, dilute and 
strain into the copper solution. The best 
way is to have a stock preparation of both 
lime and bluestone, so that it may be meas¬ 
ured out. mixed and diluted without extra 
work. Eight ounces of Baris-green or four 
ounces arsenite of lend may be added ns an 
Insecticide. Baris-green should be mixed 
into a paste, and the lead, which is putty¬ 
like, should be thinned to a cream, before 
being added to the Mixture. When the lime 
is added to the copper, test it with ferro- 
cyanide of potassium to see whether the 
strength is right. Dissolve five cents’ worth 
of ferrocvanide in a pint of water, keep in 
a bottle 'marked BOISON, and put a quill 
through the cork so a few drops may be 
shaken out at a time. Shake a few drops 
into the mixture: if they turn brown as they 
touch it add more lime: add lime until the 
ferrocyanide gives no color as it touches the 
surface. 
Dry Bordeaux Mixture. —Materials: Six 
pounds copper sulphate (bluestone), four 
pounds good quicklime, two four-gallon quan¬ 
tities of water, about 100 pounds of dry, 
slaked lime. Make this by slaking a barrel 
of quicklime (less the above four pounds) to 
a fine dry powder with water, or by expos¬ 
ing it to' the air. A sieve, about 15 to 18 
inches across, made of wire cloth having 
25 to 30 meshes to the linear inch. Brace 
its bottom with cross wires. A wooden block 
of convenient size to rub the material through 
llie sieve, sav 3x6x1% inches. Directions: 
1 Dissolve six pounds of copper sulphate 
in four gallons of water. 2. Use part of 
four gallons of water to slake four pounds 
of good quicklime to a fine state, and then 
add the rest of the water, thus making a 
milk of lime. 3. Pour the copper sulphate 
and the milk of lime at the same time into 
a third vessel and stir until there are no 
streaks of green material in the blue mass. 
4. Spread upon a floor about 11)0 pounds of 
dry slaked iime and empty the blue mass, 
water and ail (3) into it. Mix well with a 
rake, and while it is still somewhat damp 
pass It through the sieve, rubbing it through 
with the block held in the hand. 5. Mix 
thoroughly with a rake and spread out to 
dry. When dry it is ready for use. Its cop¬ 
per strength is approximately equivalent to 
that of the “4-6-50” liquid Bordeaux Mix¬ 
ture. It is handier to make it in lots of the 
above quantity, although larger quantities of 
copper sulphate may be dissolved at one 
time and four gallons of the solution taken. 
This powder is good for fungi only, but if 
canker-worms are to be fought one to two 
pounds of Baris-green (very tine) may be 
mixed with the above quantity of finished 
powder. 
THE ORCHARD MONARCH 
AUTOMATIC CDDIVED 
power arltJIYEIt 
With New improvements for 1905 . 
The heavy pressure blows the liquid out of the nozzles in a fine misty vapor which 
thoroughly saturates the] foliage, but uses the liquid with the greatest economy. Most 
thorough agitation, all Brass working parts, and Automatic Brushes for cleaning sucti n 
strainers, are special features. Powerful, efficient, durable and swift. If you have ten acres or 
more to spray, you can not afford to be without this MONA KCH. We also make the famous 
EMPIRE KINO IIANI) sprayer, and the VVATSON-4-ROW High pressure Potato Sprayer. 
8EKTID FOIL CATALOGUE “33.” 
FIELD FORGE PUMP GO. 
ELMIRA, - - - NEW YORK 
1A7 A I 1 AfC POWER 
HALLAvl sprayer 
R.e&d This Letter 
Won Gold Medal at St. bouls. Automatic. 
Compressed Air. Heady mountedor separate 
power to lit any wagon or tank. 
SAVE 
$20 a 
Day 
Buffalo, N. Y., Feb. 10th, ’05. 
Wallace Machinery Company, 
Champaign, ill. 
Pear Sirs: The Duplex complete outfit wo bought 
of you last May lias given us good results both on 
Small Fruit, Grapes, (Quinces, Fears and Cherries, 
and on our large old trees. We had no trouble to 
keep up high pressure at all times. We did work in 
ten hours in much better shape than ever before 
that would have taken a week to do the old way. 
On all our small fruit we used hut the one pump 
which gave us all the pressure needed. Wo would 
not think of oxchanging It tor ■ Stoam or Cos Ma¬ 
chine, as ours is always ready and it coats noth¬ 
ing to run It. F. K. LA NS ILL, Pres. 
I. O. O. F. Home, Lockport, N. Y. 
Write for Booklet O. 
Wallace Machinery Co., CKa.mpa.ign, III. 
DEFENDER 
SPRAYER 
Powerful, all brass, 
easy to use. Quick 
sellers. Treatise ou 
Spraying & Catalog 
of Spray Pumps free. 
Write to-day. Agents 
wanted. 
J.F. GAYLORD, 
Box 78, CatskUh, N. Y. 
Good Fr\iit 
Versos Bad 
Is the subject at issue and 110 
wide awake farmer will doubt 
which is more desirable. 
The Spramotor 
absolutely insures you 80 % of an 
increase in the crop from your 
orchards. The Spramotor pays for itself many 
times over which is better than costing you 
nothing. Don’t confuse it with Spray Pumps. 
Write for Booklet (A). Full particulars free. 
SPRAMOTOR CO. 
GET THE BEST 
Buffalo, N.Y. London, Canada. 
AGENTS WANTED. 
A Good Spray Pump earns big 
profits und lasts for years. 
THE ECUPSE 
is a good pump. As 
practical fruit growers 
we were using the com¬ 
mon sprayers in our 
own orchards — found 
i their defects and then in- 
: vented THE ECLIPSE. Its 
i success practically forced us 
; into manufacturing on a 
• large scale. You take no 
• chances. Wo have done all 
i the experimenting. 
Largo fully illustrated 
Catalogue and Treatise 
on Spraying— FKEE. 
MORRILL & MORLEY, Benton Harbor, Mich. 
SAVE TREES BEFORE DISEASED 
by spraying, and thus add to your profits. Use THE 
PERFECTION 8PKAYEU for all Insects and fungi. 
Sprays everything. Saves its cost in one season. 
Combined hand and horse power. Catalogue FKEE. 
THOMA8 PKPPLEK, 0x45, Hlghtstown , N.J. 
YING 
bringsfruits and flowers. Wemake 
the right appliances. Special adapta¬ 
tion to every need. 
HAND, BUCKET, BARREL KNAP¬ 
SACK and POWER SPRAYERS. 
SO styles. Norites, hose, attachment!, formulas, 
every spraying accessory. Write for free catalog 
The Doming Co., Salem, O. 
Wcetern Agent., Uenton j Hubb.il, Chicago. 
MADE $1725J 
in spare time and homo coun- rifTT''' 
ty. You may do as well. 
Orders come fast for the 
“Kant-Klog” Sprayer 
witli new spring shut-off. Catch a 
good tiling quick. Write for free 
sample plan and full particulars 
Rochester Spray Pump Co., 16 East A»e.,Rochester,N.Y. 
