22 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
January 13, 
LIME USED IN SPRING. 
1. V. B., Rhinebeck, N. Y. —About three 
years ago 1 began using lime. I asked you at 
that time where I could purchase it I 
bought several carloads and used it mostly 
on new seeding. Last year 1 used the inocu¬ 
lating bacteria for clover. Some time ago 
I examined the roots of Red clover and found 
where the lime was the roots were covered 
with nodules as large again as those where 
there was o lime. The hay was a great deal 
better on the limed land, so I am perfectly 
satisfied it pays to use lime at seeding time. 
One year ago we bought manure in car lots 
from New York, and covered a 20-acre lot; 
plowed it last May, the middle of August 
cross-plowed, then gave thorough and com¬ 
plete harrowing till it was like an ash heap. 
I never saw a piece of ground as fine and 
loose as that was. I put 500 pounds of phos¬ 
phate to the acre, and seeded with four 
quarts of Red clover, four of Red-top and 
eight of Timothy. I could not get lime In 
time for that lot. Can I lime it next Spring? 
Would the lime hurt the new seed? Have 
you had any experience in using lime on new 
seed? This field is level and quite wet; the 
seed is very nice, but there is considerable 
sorrel coming. 
We have not had enough experience 
with lime in Spring to give a definite an¬ 
swer. The following statements are made 
to us: 
We have had no experience in broad¬ 
casting lime in the Spring on new seed- 
ings of grass. I think, however, that 
if evenly applied, it would compare very 
well with other times of spreading, es¬ 
pecially on light soils. Naturally, ion 
heavier soils, I would prefer to apply it 
previous to seeding, harrowing it in and 
thoroughly mixing with the soil. This 
would afford greater opportunity for un¬ 
locking plant food. I think that any in¬ 
jury that may come from Spring liming 
would be due to uneven application, or to 
being applied when the plants are very 
young. E. B. VOORHEES 
New Jersey Experiment Station. 
Several years ago, we secured three 
plots of land in the Summer. These were 
seeded at the end of the Summer, or in 
early Autumn, with Timothy. The three 
plots were manured alike. In one case, 
lime was thoroughly worked into the soil 
before seeding; in the second case, the 
same amount of lime from the same lot 
was weighed out, set aside until Spring, 
and then applied as a top-dressing. The 
third plot received no lime whatsoever. 
Where the lime was worked into the soil, 
a good stand of Timothy was secured; 
where it was applied as a top-dressing, 
some Timothy mixed with weeds and 
such grasses as could thrive under the 
existing conditions in the soil came up; 
and where lime was omitted altogether, 
no Timothy was to be seen. This was, 
of course, upon a very acid soil. The 
principle holds, however, for all soils, 
namely: Never apply lime as a top-dress¬ 
ing when it can be introduced into the 
soil in a thorough manner before the 
seed is sown. In liming prospective grass 
land, the lime shoul be incorporated from 
two weeks to a month before the seed 
is sown. A final harrowing should be 
given just before sowing the seed. These 
precautions are particularly desirable when 
burned lime or fresh slaked lime is ap¬ 
plied. H. J. WHEELER. 
Rhode Island Station. 
Our practice has been to apply lime to 
land that has been prepared for corn or 
wheat, a hort time before planting. Our 
corn crops have shown increased yield fol¬ 
lowing this liming, but the wheat has ap¬ 
parently been diminished in yield. We 
think it a disadvantage to apply the lime 
so that it may come in contact with the 
seed, and this seems to apply to slaked 
lime as well as quicklime. We have not 
sown any lime in the Spring previous to 
the seeding of grass, and would be afraid 
that injury would result from such ap¬ 
plication. When we have anplied lime to 
the corn, the corn to be followed by oats 
and the oats by wheat seeded to clover, 
the clover crop has shown a much better 
effect than when the lime has been ap¬ 
plied to the wheat the Fall before the 
clover was sown. We conclude from this 
that that it is wise to keep the lime as 
far from the seed as practicable, and to 
get it thoroughly incorporated with the 
soil. Apparently the chief effect of lime 
in our work has been to furnish conditions 
favorable to the action of the nitrifying 
and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. For this 
purpose it would seem that it should be 
thoroughly incorporated with the stratum 
of soil in which these bacteria do their 
work; that is, with the portion that is 
turned over in tillage. Some of our ex¬ 
periments indicate that it is very easy to 
overdo the work of liming. For exam¬ 
ple, a soil which has made very little 
response to a single ton of lime shows 
mr.ked improvement from two tons, but 
when we anoly six tons the effect seems to 
be detrimental. Our work indicates that 
it is rather important to learn to adjust 
the lime to the needs of the soil, and re¬ 
sults which we are obtaining from two 
methods of determining: amounts of lime 
needed—the one worked out by Prof. C. 
G. Hopkins, of the Illinois Experiment 
Station, and the other by Prof. F. P. 
Vcitch, of the Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. 
Department of Agriculture, are giving us 
much encouragement to hope mat the 
chemical laboratory is going to be of ma¬ 
terial assistance on this point. 
Ohio Ex. Station. chas. e. thorne. 
I have used lime on new seeding and on 
pasture in the Spring with good results. 
The essential part is to have the lime 
thoroughly slaked, that is, free from 
lumps; then the lime being evenly spread 
there is no danger of any injurious effect 
on the plant. If there should be a quan¬ 
tity of lumps, when the lumps dissolved 
it would be too caustic, and have a tend¬ 
ency to firefang. and to overdo what is 
required of it. In that case in the im¬ 
mediate vicinity of the lump detriment 
would result, and not much benefit from 
the lime until cultivated into the soil. . 1 
have now a piece of ground where lime 
was broadcast on new seeding last 
Spring at the rate of two tons per acre, 
which is going into Winter looking very 
promising; in fact the clover and Tim¬ 
othy were secured for Fall feed. As to 
applying the Spring or Fall and harrow¬ 
ing in with the seed, my experience is. 
be sure with the blue litmus paper that 
the land wants lime and the more red it 
shows the more lime, even to two tons 
per acre. If the paper turns back towards 
the blue, less lime. There is not much 
land where it is not safe to use one ton 
per acre. We have come to understand 
that an acid has developed in the soil 
that is detrimental to plant growth. Lime 
unites with acid substances, and its acid¬ 
ity or sourness is overcome, thus cor¬ 
recting the chemical and physical condi¬ 
tions of the soil; that is to say, lime 
sweetens the soil. As to applying in 
Spring or Fall • my experience is that 
either is all right. My preference is, when 
possible, thoroughly to cultivate and mix 
the lime with the soil. How much, and 
how best to apply the lime, is a problem 
for all to solve for themselves. I have 
never seen any bad effect from using too 
much lime. We do not claim for lime 
that it is better than manure or fertilizer 
for growing crops. The claim is to come 
from its ability to render inert matter in 
the soil active, and thus make it available 
for plant food. o. H. smith. 
New York. 
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