6o 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
January 27, 
FARMERS' CLUB 
[Every query must be accompanied by 
the name and address of the writer to in¬ 
sure attention. Before asking a question, 
please see whether it is not answered in 
our advertising columns. Ask only a few 
questions at one time. Put questions on a 
separate piece of paper.] 
Manure on Frozen Ground. 
TP. O. S., Stanton, Mich .—I have about 
500 peach trees which bore the first, crop 
last year. I TTave sheep and horse manure: 
would It be ail right to spread it around 
trees this Winter while the ground is frozen 
and snow on the ground? 
Ans. —On level land vve would haul 
manure now and scatter it around the 
trees—not close up to them, but about as 
far out as the branches go. On rough, 
hilly land some of this manure might be 
lost when the snow melted in Spring, 
but on reasonably level ground we would 
haul now and save time. 
Rot in Lettuce. 
A. IT. W., Coblcskill. N. Y .—I am having 
just now a lot of trouble with my lettuce. I 
have a small greenhouse 10 x 20, and find 
it very valuable. I intended to raise a crop 
of lettuce and get it out of the way in time 
to start vegetable plants for the garden. But 
just now my lettuce, about half grown, is 
all wilting down without any apparent rea 
son. 1 have been using tobacco stems, tobac¬ 
co smoke and a weak tobacco water to keep 
away the lice, which bothered me last sea¬ 
son, but I treated all alike, and part seems 
as yet uninjured. I see no signs of rot or 
mildew. 1 try to keep the temperature 
about 50 degrees in the day and 40 at night. 
Of course it varies from that, but not 
enough to injure Begonias or heliotrope, 
neither has the tobacco treatment injured 
carnations or sweet peas in the same bench. 
I would like to know what is the matter 
with it, also the remedy if possible. 
Ans. —So far as may be judged from 
the description "iven the trouble with the 
lettuce is evidently an attack of the rot, 
due to a certain fungus.. This condition 
is usually brought about by keeping the 
soil and also the atmosphere too moist, 
and the treatment with tobacco water has 
probably aggravated the trouble by the 
fact that the moisture was thus increased. 
It is better to trust to fumigating two or 
three nights in succession than to use the 
tobacco water to discourage the aphis. 
The only hope of saving the remainder of 
the crop lies in keeping both soil and 
plants drier, and giving free ventilation 
whenever the weather will permit. 
W. H. T. 
Pruning and Handling Young Trees. 
M. T. R., Franklin, Tenn .—I have a young 
apple orchard of about 1,400 trees three or 
four years old. Last Winter 1 lost nearly 
50 of my trees from the field mice. They 
cut the roots and barked the tree under the 
ground. Can you tell me how to prevent 
this? Do you prune some varieties lower 
than others, or head them all about alike? 
Where low-headed trees are the plan a tree 
man told me that some varieties could be 
headed low, and some varieties could not. 
Should I begin spraying this Spring or not ? 
I see nothing the matter with my trees. I 
am entirely ignorant, but am trying to learn. 
I am going to sow peas broadcast in the 
Spring in my orchard and turn in my hogs 
to gather the peas. When this is done I 
shall turn under the vines and sow rye or 
barley for Winter, and the following Spring 
turn this under and sow to peas again. What 
do you think of this plan? 
Ans. —The first thing to do to prevent 
mice from girdling trees is to clean away 
every bit of grass and other trash that is 
within a foot or more of them. Then 
bank up next to the bodies about a foot 
high, tramping it firmly from the start. 
Mice will rarely bother trees fixed in this 
way. Round-headed borers will be easily 
dug out if they get into apple trees thus 
banked up. As to pruning apple trees of 
different habits of growth, there is plenty 
of room for the exercise of good sense 
and discrimination A low, spreading tree 
in habit should be headed higher than 
one which is of upright growth, which 
would be a decided advantage in keeping 
it properly trained by pruning in years 
to come. How high the judgment must 
indicate, but not less than three feet is 
safe to say. In case it has not been headed 
sufficiently high, something may be done 
by subsequent pruning that will, in a 
measure, make up for the lack of judg¬ 
ment in forming the head. The lower 
tranche* n\sy fej 59 edit that tlwit gfowth 
will be directed upward. Trees with an 
upward tendency of growth should be 
headed low, say two feet from the ground, 
and then primed, especially while young, 
so as to prevent them from growing into 
tall, closely headed trees. This can be 
done by heading back the branches or 
leaders that show the most upright ten¬ 
dency. However, when the bearing age 
comes on they will be spread very con¬ 
siderably by the weight of fruit, and be¬ 
come quite different in form of top from 
what they had when young. 
It is almost certain that spraying of the 
trees in the orchard inquired about would 
be beneficial. There may be nothing very 
apparent the matter with them, but there 
are some insects and fungus enemies on 
almost every fruit tree, and an occasional 
application of arsenic and sulphate of cop¬ 
per in some form, and usually combined, 
will do good in preventing or killing their 
increase. At bearing age there will be 
positive need of spraying with some ar¬ 
senical to keep down the Codling moth. 
It is a good plan to put crops of cow 
peas in an orchard, and the one suggested 
is good, but T think it would be better to 
plant them in rows about 214 feet apart 
and cultivate than to sow them broadcast. 
1 he land should be plowed shallow early 
in the Spring, and then harrowed about 
every 10 days, until the soil is warm, 
when the peas should be planted. The 
tilling of the soil in this way will keep 
down all weeds and retain the moisture 
in the ground, and when the peas arc 
put in they will grow fast and soon cover 
the surface. The trees will have the 
best possible chance to grow. The hogs 
will gather most of the crop, and put the 
rest in good shape for turning under in 
the Fall. Sowing rye for a Winter cov¬ 
ering is good, but barley would probably 
die from the cold. Such a crop should be 
promptly plowed under in Spring. 
H. E. VAN DEMAN. 
Trimming Young Apple Trees. 
L. F. P., Water bury. Conn .—How shall I 
trim my young apple trees? They are about 
five feet high, seem to be thrifty aud all 
right. They have from five to 10 small 
branches and main shoots Shall I clip them 
off, say six inches or a foot, or let them 
go as they are, and trim to shape? When 
is the best time to do it? 
Ans. —There are two methods of start¬ 
ing such trees; one is to cut all the shoots 
back as you suggest, and thin out to five 
or six of the best. In this plan you will 
wait until later to form the true shape of 
the head. The reason for cutting off the 
ends of the shoots is to start a more vig¬ 
orous growth next season. In this way 
you will start a thick, bushy head, and in¬ 
duce large growth of wood. The other 
method is to shape the tree now -by cutting 
out all but three or four of the best 
shoots, thus forming the crotch or head. 
You leave well-placed limbs evenly placed 
around the tree. Do not cut off the ends 
of these limbs at all. Let them grow nat¬ 
urally and subsequent pruning consists 
merely in clipping out the ingrowing 
branches. We practice this method of 
pruning, but the other is generally advo¬ 
cated by the experts. We do not obtain 
as much wood growth as where the se¬ 
verer pruning is followed. The tree really 
shapes itself in a natural way. We prune 
at any time during the Winter, though the 
little inside branches may be clipped off 
at any time during the Summer. After 
some practice you will come to recognize 
the desired shape of the tree, and see 
which shoots should be taken out. 
Walnuts from Seed. —I planted nezv 
Black walnuts along the roadside for one 
mile November 28, 1904, by pushing a 
spade down six inches just beside each 
fence post, pushing the spade handle well 
forward, and pressing nut well down be¬ 
hind spade, and tramping the soil down 
solid. The result was that five-sixths of 
them showed up in the early Summer, and 
made a growth of from six to 15 inches. 
The frost must do the cracking of the 
nuts. F. A. s. 
Sioux Falls, So. Dak. 
For the land’s sake, use Bowkor’s Fer¬ 
tilisers, They enricH the 
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ETS TREES PLEASE 
.enosee Valley grown. 150acres. Established 
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CEO. A. SWEET NURSERY CO., . 
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write to Call for Price List. Hundreds 
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Valuable Novelties 
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Every planter should have onr 
BOOKLET OF NOVELTIES, ““ 
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Mount Hope Nurseries, Rochester, N. Y. 
SAVE MONEY ON 
FRUIT PLANTS 
Strawberry Plants, $1,75 to $3 af 
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Oak Street, Bridgman, Mich. 
WARD BLACKBERRIES 
The hardiest and most prolific Blackberry ever grown 
m WELCH RASPBERRY 
"he most profitable Red Raspberry yet fruited. Also 
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JOS. H. BLACK, SON & CO., Hightstown, N. J. 
P URE CANADA HARDWOOD ASHES 
The Best and Most Lasting Fertilizer. 
Good buyers know where to get good quality. Be¬ 
low is a sample of the orders I am now booking: 
New York, June 16, 1905. 
My Dear Mr. Joynt— According to our conversa¬ 
tion to-day, you may ship me 5 large carloads of ashes 
to Kensico, N. Y. I want 3 carloads to spread on 40 
acres of land that I intend to sow to rye tnis fall, and 
2 carloads for our cemetery. Be sure you send e.j 
the Joynt brand. Very truly yours, 
(Sgd.) Reese Carpenter, Comptroller. 
Isr'Write for price and information to 
JOHN JOYNT, L. B. 297, Lucknow, Ont. 
EEN3 
Do you know Green?— 
—Chas. A. Green, the man who 
losing his fortune as Bank Presi¬ 
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grower? 
Well, Green Is the head of GREEN’S NTTR- 
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GROWER,” and an admitted authority 
the world over on fruits. 
He has mastered his business by SO years 
g ood hard digging , and what he knows he 
as put into a book, which you may get tree, 
If you ask for It. 
This book of Green’s is filled with good big 
Illustrations, and practical Information 
about growing Apples, Pears, Peaches, 
Plums, Grapes, Berries, etc., and how to get 
the best results, whether you are growing 
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It explains how you can secure bargains In 
Asparagus Plants, Poplar and Apple trees, 
new hardy Roses, Blackberries, Grapes and 
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So. if you want this valuable catalog and a 
copy of “GREEN’S FRUIT GROWER”—Free 
—just say so on a postal card and they will 
come at once. Address, 
CREEN’S NURSERY COMPANY, 
444 Wall St., Rochester, N. Y. 
THE BEST STRAWBERRY 
is Senator Dunlap—largo, fine colored, 
very productive. Catalog of Straw¬ 
berry and other berryplants FREE. 
L. J. Farmer, BoxbZU, Pulaski, N. Y. 
5,000,000 STRAWBERRY PLANTS. 
42 Varieties, price $1.25 to $1.75 per 1,000, best stock, 
satisfaction and safe delivery guaranteed. Free 
catalogue. Write to-day. Address 
THE FKCITVALE FARMS, 
Dept. 56. Parsonsburg, Maryland. 
Strawberry Plants 
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r* _ J Full line best new and standard old vari- 
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Best book on Strawberry Culture ever written. 
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pn Varieties Strawberry I’lants, $2 per 1,000 
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of plants, fruits and roses. H.W. Henry, LaPorte.Ind. 
Strawberry Plants. 
$1.50 per M. and up. Also RASPBERRY' and 
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A. R. WESTON & CO.. R. D. 8, Bridgman, Mich. 
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Write for catalogue. J. K. 
old and new varieties. 
LOSEE. Elnora, N. Y. 
Bra success STRAWBERRIES 
ON ANY FARM. LIST FREE. 
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$$ IN STRAWBERRIES $$ 
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SONS, Hox 115. Parsonsburg, Maryland. 
OH Evergreens— 10 kinds—and how to grow them, 
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TREES 
All First-class. Freshdug. Nocold 
storage stock. 38th year. 80-page 
catalog. G. C. STONE’S WHOLE 
SALE NUKSEIUKS, DansviUe.N. Y- 
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All conveniences for packing FRUIT GROWERS 
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TREE PROTECTORS 
75c. per IOO—$5 per IOOO 
Send for free samples and testimonials. 
Do not wait until Rabbits and Mice 
ruin your trees. 
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