208 
TIIE RURAL new-yorker: 
March 10, 
TILE DRAINAGE FOR ORCHARDS . 
We are told that in some parts of wester* 
New York it has been found necessary to us* 
tile, as the soil is naturally wet. We would 
like to know what sized tile are used, how 
deep and how far apart the lines are put. Is 
there any trouble with the tree roots filling 
the tile? What seems to be the chief effect 
upon the trees of this drainage? 
Usually three-inch tile are used; depth 
varies from two to three feet. When 
trees are planted 40 feet each way lines 
are usually run in center of rows. There 
is little if any danger of roots filling up 
tile at this distance. Above refers to the 
drainage of apple orcharding. 
Cayuga Co., N. Y. h. s. wiley. 
We would recommend two-inch round 
tile, for not over 40 rods distance; then 
increase size two rods apart, and if these 
are carried into a main tile, main tile 
should be three, four or five-inch, or 
larger, depending on the number of two- 
inch tile that lead into the main tile. Put 
the tile 2 l / 2 feet to three feet under 
ground, all with fall. We would not 
omit tiling, fearing that roots would fill 
tile. Drainage in wet land will undoubt¬ 
edly greatly improve growth of tree and 
bearing qualities. C. H. stuart & ce. 
Wayne Co., N. Y. 
R. N.-Y.—The picture shown at Fig. 
96, page 207, was taken on the farm of 
Stuart & Co. 
The writer assisted in tile-draining an 
orchard in California at one time that was 
an entire success. Previous to draining, 
the land was entirely too wet even to 
permit trees to live, hut after tile-drain¬ 
ing with four-inch tile that spot, compris¬ 
ing about three acres, produced some of 
the handsomest trees in the orchard. No 
word has been received from the orchard 
the last few years, but six years after 
planting none of the tile had been filled 
with tree roots and were doing the work 
as well as ever. In our opinion the work 
of tile draining is of unquestionable valu-e 
where land is wet. It is undoubtedly a 
fact that thousands of trees are killed 
each year from an excess of moisture. 
Pike Co., Mo. stark brps. 
I use four-inch for mv main drain, or 
if the soil is wet six to eight-inch will 
do better; then use two or three-inch 
for laterals. I think 60 feet is near 
enough together, and have a good fall, 
one inch to the rod will do if you cannot 
get any better. They ought to be two 
to 2]/ 2 feet deep, but I have put it 16 
inches and had good results in drainage. 
No trees will do well on wet soil all the 
while, especially on quicksand or clay. 
It sweetens the soil and puts new life in 
it, and the roots will begin their active 
work earlier in the Spring when it is 
time for early vegetation; the buds will 
develop faster, and the fruit buds will 
ripen better, so as to go into Winter 
quarters better. I have had no trouble 
with roots of fruit trees filling in tile. 
Orleans Co., N. Y. D. bogue. . 
I have had some experience in using 
tile in orchards, consisting of apples, 
peaches and plums, also vineyards, as well 
as in fields growing the regular farm 
crops. I have laid miles of tile on our 
farm, and I cannot recall an instance 
where I did not receive enough benefit in 
at least the second crop, if not the first, 
to pay well for the outlay, both of time 
and money. I believe that more than 
one-half of the orchards in western New 
York would be very much benefited by 
thorough tile drainage. By thorough I 
mean the laying of properly-burned tile, 
at a uniform grade, at a distance of 30 
feet for tile laid three feet deep, using 
the smallest tile possible to carry the 
amount of water to be disposed of. We 
use two-inch round tile for nearly all 
the lateral drains, and from four to eight- 
inch tile for the mains, being very care¬ 
ful to make tight joints at the intersec¬ 
tion of the lateral and main tile, using 
cement for the purpose. In case of quick¬ 
sand being found in digging the ditch, the 
tile are laid on six-inch boards, and the 
joints covered with tarred paper, putting 
in silt barrels every 20 or 30 rods. No 
trouble has been experienced in our case 
with the roots of fruit trees or grape¬ 
vines obstructing the tile, but in case the 
tile are laid anywhere near an elm it is 
absolutely necessary to protect them by 
carefully cementing the joint. The trees 
make a most vigorous growth and pro¬ 
duce fruit of the largest size, and of very 
desirable color and quality, since latent 
fertility is unlocked by the removal of 
the surplus water and the admission of 
air and heat. s. w. wadhams. 
Monroe Co., N. Y. 
Herbert and Phenomenal Raspberries. 
What Is the Herbert red raspberry? Cata¬ 
logue says a chance seedling from New York, 
largest and very hardy, price $4 per dozen. 
Also Phenomenal, one of Burbank’s produc¬ 
tion ; is it a success or not? c. s. 
We understand the Herbert raspberry is a 
red variety much prized in Canada but little 
known here. Phenomenal is one of Bur 
bank’s raspberry-dewberry hybrids, good in 
California, but of no value in the East; 
tender and unproductive. 
Chemicals for a Cesspool. 
F. O. B., Andover, Mass. — I purpose to 
clean out my cesspool of night soil and water 
(mostly water) and put on the Fall-plowed 
land before replowing, and then broadcast 
with, hen manure and harrow in. What can 
I put in night soil to kill the smell without 
hurting it as a fertilizer, and what chemicals 
should I put in to make a good fertilizer of 
same? Cesspool holds about 32 barrels. 
Ans. —You cannot “kill the smell” en¬ 
tirely. Powdered charcoal is an excel¬ 
lent absorbent, and will greatly help. Sul¬ 
phate of iron is probably the best chemi¬ 
cal. This prevents the loss of ammonia 
and also stops decay, besides holding back 
some of the most offensive odors. The 
best way to use- this sulphate of iron is 
from day to day in small quantities. To 
use a large quantity at the time of clean¬ 
ing the cesspool will not be entirely satis¬ 
factory. Too much of the sulphate will 
injure the ground for most crops. Night 
soil is a much over-rated manure. It 
gives quick results because it contains 
a quantity of available nitrogen, and is a 
forcing manure like nitrate of soda. Both 
potash and phosphoric acid should be 
used with it. Kainit is a good form of 
potash, as it prevents decomposition to 
some extent. It can be put into the vault. 
For the quantity mentioned we would use 
at least 300 pounds of kainit and 500 
pounds of acid phosphate—the latter 
broadcast after plowing. 
Spring and Planting Time Will 
Soon be Here. 
Have you placed an order yet for Apple and other 
Fruit Trees? If not, do not delay, Remember, 
in making out your order we have a full supply of 
Nursery stock; none better. Catalogue free. Send 
for one. Address, 
The Stephen Hoyt's Sons Co., Inc., 
NEW CANAAN. CT. 
WEST MICHIGAN TREES. 
Buda cut from bearing treca insure stock true to name. Two mil¬ 
lion apple, peach, cherry, plum, pear and quinoe. OkNAMiNTiL 
Stock. Order direct at wholesale prices. Write to-day for 
beautifully Illustrated free catalogue. 
West Hllch.HursBrlu.Boi 54 Bwton Harbor, Mich. 
A beautiful colored plate of our 
New Eaton*^ 
Red Raspberry 
and our strawberry catalog of valu¬ 
able Information about varieties 
with instructions for beginners. 
Free to all. 
THE FLANSBURCH & POTTER CO., 
Lsslle, Michigan. 
Strawberry Plants * 1,8B p er 1000 «p- 
ouawucuy r lams Cabbage plants *1.00 
P*r lOOO. Big assortment trees, plants, shrub- 
berry. roses, &c. Write for New Catalogue. CHAT¬ 
TANOOGA NURSERIES, Chattanooga. Tenn. 
I OOK! LOOK! 800,000 BUBACH STRAWBERRY 
PLANTS. Lots of other varieties. Rathbun and 
Lueretia.Dewberry and Wilson Jr. Blackberry plants, 
Kansas Black Cap and Miller Red Raspberry Plants 
and Cabbage Plants. Catalogue Free. 
D. W. MOSLEY, Dover, Del. 
Cf fo wrlvOT* T*i pc Get best plants of all good 
OLlaYV 1 sorts at lowest grower’ 
prices, 24th Annual Catalogue Free. 
SLAYMAKER & SON, Dover, Delaware. 
CTRAWBERRY PLANTS FOR SALE—I am lntro- 
^ ducing my new Strawberry, Gem. Plant It. 
The great moneymaker. H.W.Graham, Tyaskin, Md. 
originator of the famous S. Berries Climax and Gem. 
Strawberry Plants K .“SLStoSr 
1000 up. Send for my new catalogue FREE to-day. 
DAVID RODWAY, Hartly, Delaware. 
SECOND CROP SEED POTATOES. 
Mature earlier, stand drought better, yield more large 
potatoes than any other seed. Catalogue free. 
ALF. A. WHITTINGTON, Marion Station, Md. 
Asparagus Roots-’JJ,’ 6 ;;-, SiZ' A S 
French. West Jersey Nursery, Hridgeton.N. J. 
PIT Our leader, the Ray, a moneymaker, 
* large, handsome, white flesh with red 
blush and a regular bearer. Chairs, Crawford’s Reeves and 
a ppv more than 100 other varieties. 
* AjAjiJ Grafted and budded from specimen or¬ 
chards, Baldwin, M. B. Twig, Wine Sap, Jonathan, Grimes 
Golden, Stayman’s Wine Sap, Greening, King and 100 other 
varieties. Also Peach, Pear, Plum and Cherry and 7,000,000 strawberry 
plants. Our new Catalog in colors free for thoasking which explains. 
HARRISON’S NURSERIES, Box 29, Berlin, Md. 
DOUBLE THE STRAWBERRY CROP 
No extra expense for new plants or fertilizer. Full story in catalog—lifetime experi¬ 
ence of largest fruit-grower in America. To old friends and new wanting Berries, 
Peaches, Plums, Asparagus, Rhubarb, etc., it’s free. J. H. HALE, SO. GLASTONBURY, CONN. 
DON’T 
PAY AGENT’S PRICES ■ 
FOR YOUR TREES, 
They’re nearly double. I have no agents. With my 
catalog in hand you can buy direct at wholesale prices just as well as if 
you were present in person. So when you buy Wood’s trees your money 
all goes into trees, not into expenses and commissions. And anybody who 
ever bought trees or vines from my Woodlawn Nurseries knows there’s 
nothing better grown. Everything in Small Fruits, Apples, Peaches, Pears, 
etc. My stock of hardy, field grown bushes ought to interest every lover of 
roses. Special prices on an extra fine lot of Jonathan and Ben Davis 
Apples and Concord Grapes this spring. Catalog free. Write for it. 
Rochester, N. Y. 
Allen L. Wood, 
SPECIAL MARCH PRICES. 
On large or small orders of Apple, Japan Plum, Peach and Cherry trees. 
We make the Price to Suit the Buyers. Our stock of Fruit trees, the largest in the 
state of commercial varieties, includes many thousands of the leaders, York Im¬ 
perial, Wickson, Elberta, and Early liichnioiid in medium and first grades 
PENNSYLVANIA’S BEST 
Represents the height of the nurseryman’s art; none better. We guarantee safe de¬ 
livery, stock true to label, free from disease and of quality represented. Highest 
indorsement by State Department of Agriculture. Let us send you our low 
wholesale prices of Fruit trees, small fruit plants, &c. We will save you monev and 
disappointment. THE PATTERSON NURSERY CO., Stewartstown, Pa. 
7 TOes 
FRUIT AND ORNAMENTAL 
Evergreens 
Shrubs Roses 
Hardy Plants 
All the Best and Hardiest Varieties 
Largest and Most Varied Collections in America 
ELLWANGER & BARRY 
N ursery men —Horticulturists 
MOUNT HOPE NURSERIES 
Established 1840 
ROCHESTER NEW YORK 
Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue (144 
pages), also Descriptive List of Novelties 
and Specialties with beautiful colored 
plate of the New Hardy White Rose 
FRAU DRUSCHKI mailed FREE on 
request. 
GLADIOLI 
THE BEST IN THE WORLD 
Groff’s Hybrids (Genuine), and other high 
grade Strains. Winners of the GRAND 
PRIZE World’s Fair St. Louis, 1904. 
Write for illustrated catalogue. 
ARTHUR COWEE 
Meadowvale Farm Berlin, N.Y. 
WARD BLACKBERRIES 
The hardiest and most prolific Blackberry ever grown 
WELCH RASPBERRY 
The most profitable Red Raspberry yet fruited. Also 
a full line of general nursery stock. Catalogue free 
JOS. H. BLACK, SON & CO., Hightstowu, N. J. 
SAVE MONEY ON 
FRUIT PLANTS 
Strawberry Plants, $1.75 to $3 
Strawberry, Raspberry, ^Black¬ 
berry, Currants, Grape Plants,Etc. 
Seed Potatoes $2.50 to $ 3 bbl. 
Entire Satisfaction Guaranteed. 
Descriptive Catalogue FREE. 8 end postal to 
O. A. E. BALDWIN, 
Oak Street, Bridgman, Mich. 
The best blackberry of recent introduction. Get the 
genuine direct from introducer. Eldorado, per¬ 
fectly hardy and reliable blackberry. Lucretla, 
Blowers and other Blackberries. Miller, Welch, 
Cuthbert, Early Pink, Kansas and other Raspberries, 
40 best varieties of Strawberries, Currants, Grapes, 
and other small fruit plants and trees, a large 
stock of California Privet, all sizes very low. For 
price list and illustrated circular of Ward Black¬ 
berry address Chas. Black, Hightstown, N. J. 
Strawberry Flauts. 
4 MONEY MAKERS: 
Excelsior, Bubach, Par¬ 
son’s Beauty, Gandy. $1.75 
per 1000. Circulars FREE. 
No better plants offered. WM. PEItRY, Cool Spring ’ Delaware 
Others that are Good: 
Dunlap, Brandywine, 
Tennessee, Sample and 
others $1.50 per 1000. 
MUSH 
Quickly and easily grown. LARGE 
PROFITS. Sell for fancy prices at 
all times. Tremendous opportuni¬ 
ties for those who begin NOW. 
My new treatise explains this 
Immensely rich home Industry 
and the most successful Mush¬ 
room farm in this country. Send 
4c for postage to 
VAUGIRARD MUSHROOM CELLARS 
Ramsey, New Jersey. 
OOMS 
T 
■ »• 
klS! 
I 
ESTED SEED 
- want to send you my cat¬ 
alog of Tested Seed. That I 
guarantee. It’s different 
from other seed catalogs. 
The seed I sell is different. 
Write to day. HENRY FIELD, 
Seedsman, Box 26 Shenandoah, Ia« 
TREES 
All First-class. Freshdug. Nocold 
storage stock. 38th vear. 80-page 
catalog. G. C. STONE’S WHOLE¬ 
SALE NURSERIES, Dansville.N. Y 
450,000 
TREES 
gOO varieties. Also Grapes, Small Fruits etc. best root¬ 
ed stock. Genuine, cheap. 2 sample currantB mailed for 
10 c. Desc. price list free. Lewis Ueessh, Fredonla, N.Y. 
1— All kinds, cheap. Freight paid. 
' Catalog free. Agents wanted. 
MITCHELL’S NURSERY, BEVERLEY, O. 
Peach &, Other Fruit Trees ch^fke^ 068 - 
R. S. JOHNSTON, Boi 4, Stockley, Del. 
NEW 
VEGETABLE—* 
WONDER 
A Great Discovery 
| Think of it—a hardy ever-lasting cel¬ 
ery— 3 crops in one season. First crop 
in May. Write for complete history 
of the plant and how we sell it. This 
is the greatest and best discovery in 
[ years— Guaranteed. Sold only by 
THE GREENING NURSERY COMPANY 
25 Maple St., Monroe, Michigan 
TREES 
GitZ OCR ||Tn PREICUT DAin Apple, Pear, Plum, Cherry, Poafdi and Carolina 
■ Cn Ivv, rnCIUni rAlU Poplars, healthy, true to name and fumigated. 
All kinds of trees and plants at low wholesale prices. Remember we beat all other reliabi* 
Nurseries in quality aud price. Catalogue free, Reliance Nursery, Box 10, Geneva, N.Y 
