SHRUBS AND TREES. 
129 
may be brought together and twisted round and round each other 
vertically, and tied together so that they cannot untwist ; or they 
may be grafted together as shown on the sketch at /. The twist 
will, however, be the strongest and simplest mode. The branches 
that proceed from the twisted ones below the union, must be kept 
cut back to within two or three feet, so as to encourage the strong¬ 
est growth in the part above the twist. The next spring, if these 
united branches have done well, the outer branches of both trees 
may be cut off at a, a , and grafted with scions of the Scamston 
elm. If the grafts take, and the growth and trimming of all 
parts are properly attended to, the lower growth forming the gate¬ 
way arch should be all Scamston elm, crowned over the centre 
with the loftier common elm, presenting an appearance in the 
course of ten years something like the accompanying engraving. 
Fig. 40. 
The Scamston elm grows with great vigor in a horizontal and 
downward direction only, and its long annual shoots, and dark 
glossy leaves overlap each other so closely that an arch cut in one 
side has the appearance of being cut through a mound of solid 
verdure. Their tops are flatly rounded, like unfinished hay-stacks, 
9 
