190 OLD-FASHIONED GARDENING 
uncertain; but the attempt was made in Kent County, 
Maryland, some time during the eighteenth century. 
Turf was cut and laid on edge in two rows, probably 
from eighteen to twenty-four inches apart; the space 
between this uncertain retaining medium was then 
filled with “scooped up earth.” Not a very sound 
construction, surely; and no wonder the sheep and cat¬ 
tle trampling it at the bottom affected it so that the 
rain did the rest—and such “walls” were abandoned. 
A wall of turf is a perfectly practical undertaking, 
however, providing the sod is laid as brick, from the 
bottom up; and laid flat, not on edge. But English 
mud walls were not made in this way; they were truly 
of mud, only it was mud mixed with hay or straw and 
called “daub.” This forms a very substantial and 
durable structure, almost equal to brick. 
The stately Pennsbury had its “yards fenced in,” 
if Ralph, the gardener, hearkened to his master—with 
“doors to them.” And the round pales which so little 
pleased good William Penn evidently were the ban¬ 
isters which, with a rail, he wished to have guard both 
fronts of his house. Probably these inclosed a space 
of smooth greensward upon which one stepped out 
from either door, serving the purpose of a terrace. 
The commonest inclosure for the wider areas, when 
they finally came to inclose them about the middle of 
the eighteenth century probably, was a hedgerow. 
