i4 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
January 5, 
Live StockandDairy 
PUREBRED LIVE STOCK ASSOCIA¬ 
TIONS AND THEIR METHODS. 
The Establishment of a New Breed. 
The different breeds of live stock arc 
comparatively young. In the very earli¬ 
est books in English, in which live stock 
is considered, breeds are almost unno¬ 
ticed. In 1789 George Culley, a noted 
breeder, published his well-known book, 
“Observations on Live Stock.” In this 
he says: “Though I said that probably 
we only had two original breeds of horses 
on this island, yet I apprehend we have 
several different breeds of cattle, viz.: the 
long-horned or Lancashire kind; the 
short-horned or Dutch kind; the polled, 
humbled, or Galloway breed; the Kiloes, 
or Scotch cattle; the Alderney, or French 
breed; and the wild breed.” He also re¬ 
fers to the Welsh and Herefordshire 
brown cattle, and likens the former to the 
Kiloe and the latter to a cross of the 
Welsh and a “bastard long-horn.” Since 
the day of Culley the subject of breeds 
of live stock has constantly grown in im¬ 
portance. Breeds unmentioned by him are 
to-day world famous, and their repre¬ 
sentatives are to be found in many great 
flocks and herds. Instead of a few 
breeds of cattle, they mount up into the 
scores, if we are to recognize the local 
ones mostly unknown in America, but 
well established on the continent of Eu¬ 
rope and in other countries. 
There are two methods by which our 
breeds have come into being. One may 
be considered the natural one, associated 
with environment and simple selection, 
the other the artificial one, the result of 
cross breeding and selection. If we take 
Short-horn cattle as our most familiar 
example of an old and well-established 
breed, we may regard its evolution as the 
natural one. In northeastern England, in 
the region of the valley of the river Tees, 
for generations there had existed a class 
of cattle that were usually short of horn, 
that were red, red and white, white or 
roan, that fattened fairly well and were 
quite suited to the local conditions. They 
had, then, defects, but these did not dis¬ 
courage the breeders. There is some evi¬ 
dence that a few cattle were imported from 
Holland, and these were used to improve 
the breed. Late in the 18th century and 
early in the 19th. a few men, notably the 
Colling Bros., Thos. Bates, the Booths 
and Amos Cruckshank, began aggressive 
work in establishing the Short-horn 
breed. Perhaps the Colling Bros, first 
paved the way to uniformity of Short¬ 
horn character, and they practiced selec¬ 
tion and in-and-in breeding in a notable 
manner. Once a red Galloway cow was 
used in the Colling herd, but the breed 
evolution was essentially the result of 
studied selection—it was the outgrowth of 
local conditions of environment, assisted 
by intelligent breeders. The method by 
which the Short-horn was developed, 
probably largely applies to many of the 
breeds 
Another class of breed establishment, 
which for convenience may be termed the 
artificial one, is well illustrated in the 
Oxford Down sheep. Alxmt 1833 Mr. 
Samuel Druce, of Oxfordshire, England, 
mated a Cots wold ram to some Hamp¬ 
shire Down ewes. This was a case of dis¬ 
tinct cross-breeding. The progeny were 
known as “half-breds,” and these were sep¬ 
arated out, and the ewes were mated to 
either Cotswold or Hampshire rams, as 
conformation and conditions seemed to 
justify. During the course of a score of 
years Mr. Druce and others in the com¬ 
munity kept breeding with the view of es¬ 
tablishing a breed especially suited to the 
local needs. So persistent and consistent 
was their work, that in 1862, hardly 30 
years after the first cross was effected, 
the Royal Agricultural Society recognized 
the Oxford Down as a breed, and gave 
it a place at the Battersea show. Since 
then the development of the Oxford 
Down has fairly kept pace with the other 
leading breeds of sheep. 
In early days an important factor in 
improving some of the breeds was by the 
use on them of the better established 
ones. This especially applies to sheep 
and swine. Southdown and Leicester 
sheep and Yorkshire and Berkshire swine, 
by a dash of their blood, have materially 
assisted in improving some other breeds. 
When a race or variety of animals 
transmits its special characteristics or pe¬ 
culiarities with some uniformity from 
generation to generation, it becomes a 
breed. It cannot be regarded as estab¬ 
lished until this power of transmission is 
reasonably certain to prevail. By careful 
selection and breeding, the valuable quali¬ 
ties may become intensified and made 
more important, while the undesirable 
ones may be materially modified and 
largely bred out. In the case of each 
great breed, some man, as a master 
breeder, lias raised it above the preceding 
generations. While purity of blood is not 
absolutely essential in the operations of 
an individual stockman, the general up¬ 
lift and improvement of the live stock is 
most certainly dependent upon the char¬ 
acter and breeding of the purebred sires 
and dams. c. s. plumb. 
PROTECTING WATER PIPES. 
I do not understand just what kind of 
pipes your Virginia reader, page 926, has 
reference to. I have not a very large ex¬ 
perience in this line, but have some. The 
two-inch pipe running from the ground 
to my water tank, a distance of about 49 
feet. I have boxed in with t tuc and 
groove flooring, making a box of about 
two feet square all the way up. Before 
this was shut up we wrapped the pipe 
securely with paper and packed the inter¬ 
vening space in sawdust, being careful to 
keep the pipe in the center of the box. 
Before doing this, we used the box and 
sawdust alone without the paper and had 
trouole. One of the best things your 
Virginia reader could do in addition to 
protecting the pipes, is on very cold nights 
to let a very small stream drip from the 
spigot. This will keep the water in mo¬ 
tion and prevent the formation of ice. 
Maryland. w. f. allen. 
FOREST FARM 
Imported Guernsey Cattle Only 
Herd headed by Champion Island-bred Bull 
ST. A M A N T 
Our Herd numbers over 125 Head which was the 
pick of the Island. Cows, Heifers and Bull Calves 
may he selected hy those who wish to improve and 
increase their herds. 
PIGGERY DEPARTMENT 
Contains Champion English-bred BERKSHIRES, 
MIDDLE YORKSHIRES and TAMWORTHS. 
A. A. HOUSMAN, Prop., Babylon, L. I. 
M. S. Secobd, Superintendent. 
FLORHAM GUERNSEYS. 
The Show Ring successes and very strong repre¬ 
sentation in Advanced Register Annals prove that 
we have BEAUTY and UTILITY combined in 
a high degree. 
Cows and Heifers for Sale, 
both home-bred and imported, and of all degrees 
of excellence. 
rtf' Inspection invited. Tuberculin-tested. 
J. I.. HOPE, Sup’t., Madison, New Jersey. 
BULL CALVES and YOUNG BULLS 
ready for service, that are of good size and individ¬ 
uality. All are from officially tested dams, and are 
sired by Homestead Girl I)e Kol’s Sarcastic 
Lad. We have over 40 daughters of this Bull that 
will be kept in the Herd and officially tested. 
Write for description and prices. 
WOODCREST FARM, 
Rifton, Ulster County, New York. 
DISPERSAL SALE 
HIGH CLASS REG. HOLSTEINS 
Scarcity of help renders it impossible to retain ail 
our herd. Come and take your choice. Male calves 
at almost your own price. 
lUVKNBUBGH BROS., 
Hillhurst Farm, Oneida, N. Y. 
BRIIjIi P’ARIYE 
Holstein Cattle. 
Home of Lord Netherland DeKol. Great sire of high 
testing cows. He has 50 A. R. O. daughters and more 
that average 4% and over than any other bull. High 
class stock for sale. Let us quote you prices on any¬ 
thing you may need. 
E. U. BRILL, Pougliquag, N. Y. 
WE ARE GOING TO SELL THE 
Pure Bred Holstein Bull 
JOHN PIETERTJE MECHTHILDE, No. 42260, 
horn May 29tli, ’06, to the first party sending $40. Dam 
Katie Pietertjo, great capacity, 65 lbs. per day, two 
milkings; she bya brother to the World's Champion 
Aaggie Cornucopia Pauline, sired by a son of Neta 
Pauls Son’s King and Calaban Inka Meehthilde. A 
very growthy fine animal, showing plenty of constitu¬ 
tion and vigor, very handsome, more white than black. 
STEVENS BROTHERS-HASTINfiS COMPANY, Lacona, N. Y 
CCppCTQ Raised in small lots are strong and 
rLlini. I O healthy. Warranted good rat and 
rabbit hunters. Descriptive circular and price list 
frpe. Shady Lawn Ferret Farm, New London, Ohio 
15,000 FERRETS. Perfect workers. 
Thesfe animals exterminate rats, hunt 
rabbits. 48-page illus. book 6c. Cir. price 
list free. *S. KAKN8WOKT11, MlddlctuHii, Ohio 
COD CHI C- 1>uroc Jersey Red Sows bred 
CUD OALC for 1st of April farrow, also some 
choice Fall Pigs Sired by Inter-State Chief, First Prize 
and Sweepstake Boar, W. Va. State Fair. These are 
money makers, buy one of these sows or some fine 
pigs. J. H. LEWIS & SON. Cameron. W. Va. 
JERSEY REDS GET HEAVY FAST 
It’s “Pounds that count.” Buy Jersey Red 
Pigs—the rapid growers. Strong, vigorous, 
small-honed, long-bodied. Nine months 
nigs often dress 350 lbs. Buy a pair now. 
Get quick profits. Circular Free. 
A, J. COLLINS, Box R , Moorestown, N. J. 
When you write advertisers mention The 
R. N.-Y. and you'll get a quick reply and 
“a square deal." See guarantee, page 8. 
BERKSHIRES. 
American and English Breeding; the best at reason• 
able prices. Matings not akin. 
Descriptive circulars o.i application. 
WILLOUGHBY FARM, Gettysburg, Pa. 
SPRINGBANK HERD 
LARGE BERKSHIRES 
A fine hunch of Sows coming a year 
old by Grand Premier. No, 80005, bred to Baron Duke 
85th. No. 91215. A son of Premier Longfellow, No. 
68600, Grand Champion at St. Louis in 1904. Booklet 
on application. J. E. WA'ISON, Marbledale, Conn. 
O- I. C. PIGS. 
May, June, August and September farrow. Silver 
Stock. Five strains not akin. Young Boars and 
Brood Sows. All registered stock. Prices reasonable. 
F. J. SCHWARTZ, East. I’liarsnlia, New York 
Dnllarl fliirham Cattle. Both sexes for sale! 
rUllcll uurnam Buff Plymouth Rock Cockerels 
$1 each. A. E. LEEDOM, Freeland, Mus. Co.,Ohio. 
L aurel farm’s specialty is young 
Registered Jersey family cows. Charms Village 
Daisy, No, 188,889, large and handsome; solid cream 
fawn with black points, beautiful head with fine in¬ 
curving horns; perfect udder and teats. Soon to 
drop a calf hy Rissa’s Czar. Price $100. Also two 
splendid Bull Calves nt $25 each. 
J. GRANT MORSE, Hamilton, New York. 
IMPROVED LARGE YORKSHIRES English Bacon 
Hog. Pigs of all ages from imported stock for sate. 
Mkadow Brook Stock Farm, Rochester. Mich. 
KALORAMAFARM BERKSHIRES 
SPECIAL OFFERING of 50 Fall Pigs. 
$6.00 each or $11.00 per pair, not akin. Your money 
hack if not satisfied. Also a few high class hoars 
ready for service and some splendid young sows. 
They are all Kalorama Farm quality. Addross 
CALVIN J. HUSON, Penn Yan, N. Y. 
Reg. P. Chinas, Berlishires and C. Whites. 
8 wks. and older, mated not akin* Ser¬ 
vice Boars, have stock returned, re¬ 
fund money if not satisfactory. Reg. 
Holsteins. Heifers, Bulls and Cow* 
In Calf. Hamilton &Co., Ercildoun, Chester Co., Pa. 
Pure Bred Holstein Heifer and Bull Calves. 
Also fine bull from official test dam ready for service. 
Write promptly. W. W. CHENEY, Manlius, N. Y. 
THE BLOOMINGDALE HERD OF 
HOLSTEIN-FRIESIANS. 
are bred for large production. Good size. Strong 
Constitution, Best Individuality. 
If these are the kind you want write or come to see 
them 125 to select from. Animals of both sexes 
and all ages to offer at prices that will please you. 
A special offer on some nicely bred Bull Calves. 
A. A. COKTKLYOU, Somerville, N. J. 
STAR FARM HOLSTEINS 
A Happy New Year to all. If you have not already 
bought, you should at once secure a few registered 
Star Farm Females, 
they will make the New Year not only happy but 
profitable. Send for illustrated circulars, free. 
HORACE L. BRONSON, 
Department D, Cortland, N. Y. 
ALL ABOUT HOLSTEINS 
Send for free illustrated pamphlet describing 
this great breed of cattle. 
F, L. HOUGHTON, Sec’y.-Brattleboro, Vt. 
IE DC EVC-Coinbination and Golden Lad; for 
|JEltdC I O sale. 2 cows, 4 heifers. 22 bulls. 
S. E. NIVIN, Landenberg, Pa. 
JERSEY CATTLE, 
BERKSHIRE HOGS, 
R,. F. SHANNON, 907 Liberty St.. Pittsburg Pa. 
Knowledge- 
not guesswork 
DR. HESS, M.P„ D.V.Si. 
in ms 
LABORATORY^ 
Dr. Hess (M.D., D V,S,)who formulated Dr. Hess Stock Foodte a 
_ regularly licensed Doctor of Medicine and a Veterinary Surgeon. He 
is a graduate of tho University of Wooster. Cleveland, Ohio; Ma¬ 
triculate of College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore, Md„ and 
a graduate of the Chicago Veterinary College, and in addition is a prac¬ 
tical stock feeder of many years’ experience. Dr. Hess Stock Food is a 
medicinal food prepared from a highly successful prescription used by Dr. 
Hess in his many years regular practice before the food was put on the mar¬ 
ket. It requires only common sense to see that unprofessional manufacturers 
cannot equal a preparation formulated by a practical physician and based upon 
accurate knowledge, long experience and observation. Furthermore, 
D5 HESS STOCK FOOD 
FOR CATTLE, HOGS, SHEEP AND HORSES 
is sold under a positive guarantee to do all thatisclaimad for it. It contains tonics for the digestion, iron for the blood, nitrates 
to expel poisonous materials from the system, laxatives to regulate the bowels. It has the recommendation of the Veterinary 
Colleges, the Farm Papers, is recognized as a medicinal tonic and laxative by our own Government, and is Mold on n written 
guarantee at 
100 lbs. $5.00 ( Except In Canada 
25 lb. pail $1.60 j West and South. 
Smaller quantities at a slight advance. 
Where Dr. Hess Stock Food differs is in the dose—it’s small and fed but twice a day, which proves it has the most digestive 
strength to the pound. Our Government recognizes Dr. Hess Stock Food as a medicinal tonic and this paper is back of the 
guarantee. 
Veterinary advice given free. From the 1st to the 10th of each month hy naming this paper, stating what stock yon have and what Stock Food 
you have fed, we will furnish you free veterinary advice and prescriptions. Enclose two cent stamp for reply. Dr. IlesB 9G page Veterinary book 
Will he mailed free for giving the above information. 
DR. HESS & CLARK, Ashland, Ohio. 
Also Manufacturers of Dr. Dess I’oultry Fan-a-ce-a and Instant Lonse Killer. 
