10 Prot. 
PROTOZOA. 
The presence of two contractile vacuoles has hitherto only been found 
in those Vorticellce which possess some form of cuticular investment or 
of surface ornamentation. These species are V. locJcwoodii , Stokes, V- 
monilata, Tatem, V. vestita , Stokes, and V. rhabdophora , Stokes. Stokes 
(81) - 
Halliburton (42) finds that the zoocytium of Ophrydium versatile is 
composed of cellulose, and resembles tunicin (the substance of which the 
test of the Tunicata is composed) in being difficult to convert into 
dextrose. Ophrydium also possesses chlorophyll. Harker (43) also has a 
paper on the same subject; his results are chiefly negative. 
After discussing the intermutability of Bacillus subtilis and B. anthra- 
cis , Dallinger (18) describes and figures a new septic organism; to this 
Monad, with six flagella, no name is given. Reproduction occurs in the 
ordinary manner by fission, the strand of protoplasm connecting the 
dividing organisms splitting into three of the flagella, and by spore-for¬ 
mation after conjugation. The thermal death-point is higher than for 
any known form, i.e., 146° F. for the adult, and 190° F. for the spores. 
References to other forms are also made. 
During the conjugation of Anoplophrya circularise Balb., Schneider 
(77) finds that the nucleus of one Infusorian extends, in a rod-like man¬ 
ner, into the other, the two nuclei appearing as two parallel transverse 
cords ; after conjugation fusion occurs between the two new nuclei in each 
individual. The exchange of nucleoli was not observed. 
Foulke (31) describes the production of germs in Chilomonas para- 
mcecium. 
Schultze discusses the “ Relationship of the Sponges to the Choano- 
Jlagellata” [SB. Ak. Berl. 1885, pp. 179-191 ; transl. Ann. N. H. (5) xv. 
pp. 365-377], and decides against the descent of the former from the 
latter, and in favour of the common ancestry of the sponges and 
Cnidaria. 
A more or less detailed account of various Protozoa will be found in 
the following works :—Elements de Zoologie, P. Bert & R. Blanchard 
(Paris: Masson) ; Elementary Text-Book of Zoology, C. Claus (Mar¬ 
burg and Leipzig : Elwert), and transl. A. Sedgwick (London : Swan, 
Sonnenschein & Co.) ; Elements de Zoologie, H. P. Gervais (Paris: 
Hachette & Co.) ; Cassell’s Concise Natural History, E. P. Wright 
(London) ; Atlas of Practical Elementary Biology, G. B. Howes (Lon¬ 
don : Macmillan) ; Elementi di Zoologia descrittiva, F. Bassani (Milano) 
G. B. Garneri (Torino) ; Traite de Zoologie medicale, R. Blanchard 
(Paris : Bailliere). 
Methods, &c. 
The methods employed by Cattaneo [Zool. Rec. xx. Prot. p. 5] and 
Klebs [ t . c. p. 8] are abstracted in the J. R. Micr. Soc. (2) v. pp. 538 & 
539, and on p. 729 Brass’s methods are given. 
Certes (15, 16) gives a valuable resume of the different effects of 
various staining reagents on living Infusoria , and points out that a new 
