26 
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 
Series 4, Volume 65, Supplement II 
Duque de Braganga distriet, (Malanje Provinee), but was later transferred to Luanda as a prisoner 
following problems with the local governor (see Ceriaco in press for details), and sent Bocage 
some of the first shipments of Angolan specimens received in Lisbon, mostly from Duque de Bra- 
gan9a, Dondo, and Luanda. Among these collections was a considerable amount of herpetological 
material, including specimens used by Bocage and other naturalists to describe several new 
species. Initially Bocage let foreign naturalists study this material. Thus, Cystignathus Bocagii 
(currently Leptopelis bocagii), and Hyperolius nasutus were described by Gunther (1865a), 
Limnophis bicolor by Gunther (1865b), and Hyperolius marmoratus var. angolensis and Hyper¬ 
olius bocagei by the Austrian naturalist Franz Steindachner (1834-1919) (Steindachner 1867). The 
first Angolan species described by Bocage himself was Rana bragantina Bocage, 1864, currently 
a synonym of Hoplobatrachus occipitalis (Gunther 1858), based on a specimen sent by Bayao from 
Duque de Braganga. In all, Bocage described 11 new amphibian taxa and 12 new reptiles based on 
Bayao’s material, as well as adding several taxa to the list of Angolan herpetofauna. 
Anchieta, who was later hired by the Lisbon Museum to lead a four-year zoological explo¬ 
ration to Angola (which ultimately lasted 36 years), initially explored the Cabinda, Loango, Lolem- 
bo, Rio Quilo and Zaire regions of the country, in a personal expedition to the country between 
1864 and 1865 leading to the description of Euprepes anchietae (currently considered a synonym 
of Trachylepis maculilabris), Ablepharus (currently Panaspis) cabindae, and Leptophis (currently 
Philothamnus) dorsalis (another specimen in the type series was from Bayao). From 1866 
onwards, Anchieta was employed by the museum and collected thousands of specimens that he sent 
to the Lisbon museum, thus contributing greatly to the expansion of knowledge of the Angolan 
herpetofauna and leading to the description of dozens of new taxa. His explorations were 
geographically distributed across almost all the western provinces of the country (Luanda, Bengo, 
Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Benguela, Huambo, Bie, Huila, Namibe and Cunene). Anchieta died in 
1897 in Caconda during a field expedition near the town (Fig. 20). Anchieta is still universally 
considered the most important herpetological collector in Angola based on the diversity and 
volume of his collections. 
Besides Bayao and Anchieta, other private individuals contributed to Bocage’s pioneering 
studies on Angolan herpetology. This includes the following individuals: Portuguese businessman 
Joao Toulson (birth and death dates unknown), who between 1864 and 1868 sent at least three ship¬ 
ments of zoological specimens to Bocage from Luanda including one reed frog specimen that 
would serve as the basis for Hyperolius toulsonii Bocage 1867a (currently part of the H. angolen¬ 
sis complex); J. A. Botelho (birth and death dates unknown), who sent some herpetological speci¬ 
mens from Novo Redondo (now Sumbe, Kwanza Sul Province; see Bocage 1867b); “M. Graga” 
(see Bocage 1873a), who sent specimens from Huila; “Padre” (Father) Antonio Jose de Sousa Bar- 
roso (1854-1918), chief of the Catholic Mission in Sao Salvador do Congo (currently M’Banza 
Congo, Zaire Province), who sent Bocage specimens from the vicinity of the Mission; and 
J. Bernardino d’Abreu Gouveia (birth and death dates unknown), who also sent specimens from 
“Congo” to Lisbon (Bocage 1887a). Two other individuals who greatly contributed to Bocage’s 
works were the Portuguese explorers Hermengildo Carlos de Brito Capello (1841-1917) and 
Roberto Ivens (1850-1898), who conducted two major expeditions. The first (1877-1880) from 
Benguela to laca to study the Zaire and Zambezi basins (exploring the Benguela, Bie and Cassange 
areas in Angola), and the second a transcontinental journey (1884-1885) from southern Angola 
(Pinda, in Namibe Province) to Quelimane in Mozambique. New data and collections resulted from 
both these expeditions, including the types of Euprepes (currently Lubuya) ivensii, Rana (current¬ 
ly ornatissima (1879a,b) and Vipera (currently ^zYw) heraldica (Bocage 1889) from 
the first, and Psammophis sibilans var. stenocephalus, and Psammophis sibilans var. leopardinus 
