268 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
March 13, 
THE POUGHKEEPSIE MEETING. 
President Case opened the Eastern meet¬ 
ing of the New York State Fruit Growers’ 
Association with a short address. lie said 
we must grow better fruit, and not try to 
do some one up in selling it. Pack honestly 
and maintain the grade throughout the 
package and in the different packages. Older 
members should take more pains with the 
young men and get them interested. All 
large firms are constantly getting new blood, 
and that is what the fruit industry needs, 
lie knows of no vocation where the future 
looks as bright if the man knows his busi¬ 
ness. 
Dr. Felt read extracts from a paper re¬ 
viewing the controversy over the greater 
efficiency of a weak arsenical driven into 
the blossom end of the apple with a coarse 
spray and high -pressure over the old method 
of spraying. Advocates of the high-pressure 
coarse spray certainly give great figures, 
but investigations in the East show that 
the worm always takes a few meals in the 
outer calyx cup before it gets to the inner 
cup, and if the outer cup contains the poison 
he will have little ambition to explore the 
interior. 
What is the best preventive for peach tree 
borers? Will gas tar injure the trees? 
Mr. Vail advised banking up. Mr. King said 
the tar was unsafe owing to its variability 
of composition. Prof. Sliugerland said gas 
tar was the best thing they ever tried atid 
never injured the trees. Mr. Young banked 
wood ashes around the trees with good re¬ 
sults. Some one else said coal ashes were 
equally efficient. Prof. Slingerland said he 
believed the secret was in banking up rather 
than in the material used. 
Is Black Ben Davis succeeding anywhere 
in New York State? If so, does it promise 
to be a good commercial variety? Is it a 
good bearer and better in quality than Ben 
Davis; a good seller? This brought out a 
general discussion on Ben Davis, and many 
agreed it was a money maker and a good 
seller, but none put any in the cellar for 
thbir own use. Some one said the German 
demand was good, but he understood they 
boiled their apples in that country, some¬ 
times with meat. 
With peach yellows more destructive than 
ever the past two years, what are the pros¬ 
pects for new orchards? Mr. Vail said Win¬ 
ter injury was responsible for the recent 
increase and diseased pits are responsible in 
many cases. What is the best way to hurry 
a young apple orchard? Don’t prune much, 
only removing cross limbs. How shall we 
fertilize an apple orchard under the sod- 
mulch system? Barnyard manure was 
recommended. Has anyone ever used salt 
at the base of peach trees to kill the 
borers? Prof. Slingerland said it was no 
good, and npt to injure the tree if used in 
large quantities. 
Prof. Slingerland gave an illustrated lec¬ 
ture on “Some New Fruit Pests.” He first 
showed some slides illustrating his work 
with the peach borer and gave a summary 
of his work with that pest. Trees were set 
out especially for this work and he tried 
every remedy he could find or hear of. The 
very best remedy was coal tar, and he was 
unable to injure the tree with this remedy. 
Some one from Iowa wrote that results 
would have been different if he had had 
Iowa coal tar, so he sent and got some Iowa 
coal tar and was unable to injure the trees 
with that. The next best remedy was tar¬ 
paper and the third mounding. They tried 
putting cages of fine wire netting tightly 
around the trees and thought they would 
surely keep them out with that, but these 
trees contained twice as many borers as 
untreated ones. They got in somehow and 
after they got there were secure from all 
their natural enemies. He also showed 
slides of the Plum leaf-miner and its work. 
This insect seems to be confined to a very 
small section ; a sucking insect of bright red 
color, and the effect of its work was shown, 
and also several slides of Brown-tail moth. 
The red insect causes the young apples to 
drop and is quite serious in some sections. 
Kerosene emulsion or whale-oil soap is the 
remedy. 
In answer to several questions he gave 
the following. The Pear midge is trouble¬ 
some only in the Hudson Valley and the 
only way to control it is to pick off all the 
fruit one season and destroy. Lawrence is 
more susceptible than other varieties. The 
eggs are laid in the fruit before the blossoms 
open. How much arsenate of lead should 
be used to 50 gallons of spraying material? 
Two and a half to three pounds ; generally 
better than Paris-green but a little more 
expensive. 
What fertilizer would you use to force 
a young orchard that has been neglected? 
Mr. Clark said stable manure and supple¬ 
ment with a fertilizer analyzing 3-8-10. Mr. 
Case said use clover in the place of manure 
when the latter is not available. He sows 
Red clover and turnips about June 16. They 
used to sow about six weeks later but find 
the earlier sowing better. He does not like 
buckwheat in an orchard. 
Mr. Hiester, of Pennsylvania, spoke on 
“Pennsylvania Ideas and Conditions, of 
Apple Growing.” He said the first thing 
was to start right. Set apples of high 
quality and few varieties. Locate the 
varieties where they are best adapted to 
climatic and soil conditions, and he believes 
subsoil has a greater influence than sur¬ 
face soil. Get the right tree in the right 
place and then properly care for it. Techni¬ 
cally trained men should be secured to care 
for the orchards and they are using their 
influence to get the young men interested. 
Horticulture is coming to her own in Penn¬ 
sylvania and that State is second only to 
New York in number of barrels produced. 
There are no large commercial orchards of 
much age and heretofore the apples have 
been grown as a side line to general farm¬ 
ing, a few trees here and there. Their 
apples have not been heard of much on the 
large markets because they have many good 
local markets, and they have been marketing 
in them. A study of economic production 
and distribution must be made and at pres¬ 
ent there is much too great a difference be¬ 
tween the price to producer and consumer. 
The man who packs honestly is the only 
man that can hold his place on the market. 
The name of a grower or buyer on the 
package is most important and he hopes 
the law will make it compulsory. San Josd 
scale forced the buying of spraying appa¬ 
ratus and now that the growers have the 
outfits they will study other fruit pests and 
spray for them. The standard box is to 
correspond with the standard barrel and 
must contain one-third as many cubic inches. 
What is the cause and remedy for pre¬ 
venting the irregular hard spots in apples, 
causing them to grow irregular in outline 
and often rendering the fruit absolutely 
worthless? Probably some insect. The ex¬ 
act insect or cause must be ascertained be¬ 
fore a remedy can be given. What can 
growers do more to exploit their products 
among consumers? I)r. Palmer thought 
there was first something to do between the 
producer and consumer. He said while stop¬ 
ping at a relative's home in New York last 
Summer he was told the peaches were of 
his growing as on seeing his mark on the 
basket they of course had to be purchased. 
He was interested at once and asked how 
much was paid for them. $1 was the reply. 
On reaching home he told his foreman to 
hunt up the sales record for that lot of 
peaches and found they brought him 30 
cents. After planting, cultivating, waiting 
for the orchard to bear and then spraying, 
picking, etc., he got 30 cents while the 
middleman got 70 cents. 
Hiram MeCullom, of Lockport, spoke on 
“Growing High-Class Raspberries and Straw¬ 
berries.” He grows Cuthbert and Loudon 
raspberries, and the only reason for growing 
the latter is that he discovered that the 
Cuthbert was better when cross-pollinated 
with Loudon, and he now sets an occasional 
row through the Cuthberts. He would do 
this if he got no berries at all from Loudon, 
lie prepares the soil for a year previous 
to setting. Plow 10 inches deep in early 
Spring and apply 12 to 15 tons of stable 
manure that has been forked over several 
times and heated to kill weed .seeds. Plow 
again later in the season and a little deeper 
if possible, and apply another like dress¬ 
ing of manure. Work to October first and 
then sow rye, using two and a half bushels 
per acre and broadcasting both ways rather 
than drill in. The next Spring plow eight 
inches deep and work with disk, smoothing 
harrow and planker. He sets in rows seven 
feet apart and two feet in the row. Dig 
plants early and heel in. Cut holes five 
inches deep with spade, put in plant and 
fill only partly. Two men set an acre a 
day. Apply one to 1% ounce of nitrate 
of soda in holes just previous to second 
cultivation. Cultivate once a week or 
oftener and always after a rain. He wants 
414 feet of growth the first season and cuts 
back to three feet. He expects half a crop 
the first season after setting. Clean out old 
wood immediately after picking, but don’t 
cut any of the plants from mother plant 
at this time. Cut suckers out as if they 
were weeds. Spray with 4-4-50 Bordeaux. 
New canes do not ripen properly if old 
canes are left. Be always on the lookout 
for orange rust aud root gall and dig out 
and destroy ns soon as noticed. Spade up 
the ground thoroughly and the next season 
set in a new plant. Anthracnose can be 
controlled with Bordeaux. He is troubled 
with a worm that destroys the foliage, 
something similar to the currant worm, 
but is able to control it by spraying with 
Paris-green a few days before the blossoms 
open. After the first year he applies fer¬ 
tilizer as follows : 300 pounds muriate of 
potash, 200 pounds nitrate of soda in two 
applications and 200 pounds acid phos¬ 
phate. The history of a six-acre patch of 
red raspberries is an average of 20,000 
quarts per year with a maximum of 26,000 
quarts. The returns for six years were 
$12,000 and the total labor and fertilizer 
expense was $3,950, leaving a net income of 
$8,050. He expects to take two more crops 
from this patch. 
For strawberries he fits the land the same 
as for raspberries and applies 600 pounds 
of muriate of potash and ground bone and 
10 tons of well rotted manure. He sets 
in rows three feet apart and two feet in 
the row. llis system is similar to the double 
hedge-row but with twice as many plants. 
Runners are hand-placed and when enough 
are set he keeps balance of runners all off. 
His plants are four inches apart both ways 
when bed is completed. Sprays with Bor¬ 
deaux three or four times the first season 
and early the second year before blossoms 
open. Ills first crop of strawberries yielded 
3,000 quarts per acre. lie now gets 13,000 
quarts. After picking mow and rake off 
litter. Then cultivate eight or nine inches 
deep and with a shovel plow throw dirt 
over plants. Leave a day or Iwo and apply 
200 pounds of nitrate of soda per acre on 
the soil over the rows. Then put on 
smoothing harrow and after leveled keep 
cultivated and keep all runners off. He 
never allows a hoe in the field but all work 
is done with rakes and spike tooth culti¬ 
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