288 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
March 13 , 
THE CONQUERING OF HOG CHOLERA. 
Work at Missouri Station with Hyper-Immu¬ 
nized Serum. 
Is hog cholera preventable? This is the 
vital question among the swine growers 
and breeders the world over. In Missouri 
alone the losses from this dreaded disease 
mount upwards in the millions, and in the 
United States some authorities estimate 
the loss at something like a hundred mil¬ 
lions of dollars. Is it any wonder that 
swine men should be asking for the solu¬ 
tion of a question that so vitally affects 
their pocket books? The veterinary depart¬ 
ment of the College of Agriculture and Ex¬ 
periment Station at Columbia, Missouri, 
has been having excellent success with 
“hyper-immunized hog-cholera serum, - ’ 
which is produced on the station farm un¬ 
der the supervision and direction of the 
Experiment Station's veterinarian, Dr. J. 
W. Connaway. After the discovery by Dr. 
M. Dorset and his associates of the Bureau 
of Animal Industry, Department of Agri¬ 
culture, Washington, D. C., that the 
“hyper-immunized serum” has protective 
properties, Dr. Connaway, of the Missouri 
Experiment Station, was solicited by the 
Bureau to confirm their results, co-operate 
with them in perfecting methods ot pro¬ 
ducing the serum and in putting its pro¬ 
duction upon a practical basis. Dr. Conna¬ 
way worked out the practical detaijs of the 
inoculation of northern cattle shipped to 
Texas against Texas fever. To-day cattle 
are sent to Texas without fear of the 
Texas fever; all that is necessary is that 
the cattle be inoculated before exposure to 
the Texas fever infection and thus im¬ 
munized against the ravages of this fatal 
malady. The prevention of hog cholera is 
somewhat similar to the prevention of 
Texas fever, so that Dr. Connaway is 
greatly aided in bis hog cholera work by 
his previous valuable experience with Texas 
fever inoculation. 
Within the last eight months over 50 
herds were vaccinated in Missouri against 
cholera, and with the exception of one 
herd every herd owner was highly pleased 
with the results accomplished. This one 
herd was vaccinated with a rush order 
serum which bad not been tested at the 
Station because of the urgency , of the call. 
The herds inoculated were for the most 
part purebred, and furnish excellent proof 
of the possibilities of ' the serum. 
A prominent Berkshire breeder. Mr." 
Thomas Richards, who had his herd inoc¬ 
ulated after a virulent attack of the 
cholera, has -this to say in a recent letter 
to the Experiment Station: “My experience 
has been that if hogs are treated before 
being exposed to the disease they may be 
exposed to any amount of cholera after- 
vards, and that not over three per cent 
will die. I may be over-enthusiastic about 
hog cholera serum as prepared at the Ex¬ 
periment Station, but after losing over 80 
head with cholera in loss than 30 days, 
and thcn'Tinding a remedy (in the Missouri 
Station serum) that has since saved me 
95 per cent of all hogs treated, either 
aged hogs or little suckling pigs, I feel 
justified in being enthusiastic.” In a later 
letter he writes, “Since you were here in 
June all the hogs treated have been well 
and hearty.” These hogs wore running on 
infected pastures. “I have turned 00 head 
more on infected pastures, inoculating be¬ 
fore turning on, and have lost but five per 
cent.” A well-known Poland breeder of 
Jackson County says concerning the hogs 
inoculated for him, “None of the hogs 
which were not off feed at the time of 
inoculation have been off feed since. On 
the whole I am very much pleased with 
fhe results of the inoculation:” 
In the herd of a Cass County. Missouri, 
breeder not enough serum was available to 
inoculate the whole herd so only a part 
was treated. lie writes, “Since part of our 
herd was inoculated we have lost 12 pigs 
by cholera but only one of them was vac¬ 
cinated. Nine other vaccinated pigs run¬ 
ning in the infected pens are all well.” The 
show herd of Mr. Debow contracted cholera 
while on the show circuit. IIis herd was 
sick, many had died, and in this condition 
vaccination was tried on the live ones, both 
those sick and outwardly well. Ilis faith 
in the serum is expressed in a letter as 
follows: “Inoculation saved six of my fine 
brood sows, and also two of my best 
boars. I am sure that if you could have 
vaccinated all m.v show herd, before I 
started on the circuit none would have 
ever become sick. I hope to inoculate all 
before I start on the show trip next year.” 
One can readily see from hundreds of state¬ 
ments such as' these picked from the mass 
of correspondence that the serum has been 
remarkably successful, and this under most 
trying conditions. The herds treated were 
without exception badly infected with 
cholera, both sick and well pigs being 
treated. Experience teaches us that the 
loss of well hogs after inoculation, even 
though exposed to the disease in a virulent 
form is very slight. Fifty-nine well pigs 
running in infected pens at Cblumbia. Mis¬ 
souri, were inoculated with the “hyper- 
immunized serum,’ and of this number but 
three succumbed to the disease. Nearly all 
the “check” pigs died. In other words, in 
this particular instance a loss of but five 
per cent was experienced, or a saving of 
about 95 per cent, which saving speaks 
well for the potency of the serum. In¬ 
oculation of sick pigs, already down badly 
with the cholera, has not been attended 
with such successful results, although in 
most cases where the disease has not gone 
too far, some benefit is noticed in that death 
is delayed, and quite a number recover. 
This leads us to the conclusion, therefore, 
that the great value of the serum is as a 
preventive rather than as a cure. But this 
is worth millions to the .swine growers of 
these United States. That the treatment 
has the faith and backing of the owners 
of the herds in which tried is certainly a 
good criterion of what it will do. 
As to the ‘method of producing this 
effective serum; to date the hog has been 
the only animal from which the serum has 
been successfully produced. A hog that 
has naturally passed through the disease, 
or one that has been inoculated with a 
good dosage of the hyper-immunized serum 
is taken and injected with gradually in¬ 
creasing doses of hog cholera virus ob¬ 
tained from appropriate cholera cases un¬ 
der skilled methods. In about 60 days this 
hog is completely immune from the disease. 
It will now stand any amount of virus suffi¬ 
cient to kill hundreds of unvaccinated pigs. 
This “hyper-immunized” hog’s blood is now 
ready for the making of the serum. The 
pig is securely tied to a table, and under 
strictly aseptic conditions, everything 
sterile, he is bled from the tail into a 
sterilized vessel. This bleeding is re¬ 
peated at intervals of a week to 10 days 
until the tail is all gone, and then the pig 
is killed find the remaining blood secured. 
In the meantime the animal is reinforced 
with fresh virus when necessary. During 
all this time the pig furnishing this serum 
is being continually subjected to hyper¬ 
immunization so as to insure his complete 
immunity. The blood secured from the 
“hyper-immunized” pigs is taken to the lab¬ 
oratory and the clot removed, or to be 
scientific, “defibrinated.” after which phe¬ 
nol in small quantity is added to the serum 
by which means it may be preserved in¬ 
definitely. This is now the “serum” of 
which we have been telling, “immunizing 
serum,” ready for the call. The serum pre¬ 
pared in this manner will retain its 
strength, probably for a couple of years or 
more. It is the fond hope of Dr. Conna¬ 
way that he may some day find a more 
practical method and easier means of secur¬ 
ing this serum, and with this hope in mind 
is working and experimenting along that 
line. Some experimental work has been 
done with the ox and horse, but these 
animals have not as yet yielded a reliable 
serum. Under the present method of pro¬ 
ducing the serum from the hog many diffi¬ 
culties of manufacture arise. In the first 
place one hog will yield but about 300 to 
400 doses. This is so because the tail is 
soon all gone, and the killing process is 
necessary, as the animal cannot be bled 
successfully except from the tail. As it 
takes about 60 days to hyper-immunize the 
hog and then he must be kept immune, 
after which we secure only about 10 bleed¬ 
ings at intervals of seven to 10 days, with 
only about 30 to 40 doses at a bleeding, 
some of the difficulties are apparent. 
The process of treating is comparatively 
simple. The herd to be protected is en¬ 
tered and the pigs caught one at a time 
and vaccinated or inoculated by the in¬ 
jection of “immunizing serum” Into the 
ham of the pig in dose of 20 cubic centi¬ 
metres to each pig under a hundred pounds 
weight, and 20 cubic centimetres for each 
hundred pounds additional weight. But 
one inoculation is necessary. Now that the 
possibility of the production of a preven¬ 
tive for hog cholera is no longer doubted, 
that this “Immunizing serum - ’ is wonder¬ 
fully effective, is it any wonder that a 
number of commercial hog cholera serum or 
“cholera preventive” concerns are on the 
market with their product? It is the old, 
old story of the “Mummy wheat” seed, 
“Sandhill cherries in masquerade,” when it 
comes to luring the farmer into some new 
“gold brick” scheme. Beware of extrava¬ 
gant claims for any nostrum, write to the 
National Department of Agriculture or to 
your own experiment station before invest¬ 
ing in something worse than worthless. 
The Legislature of the State of Missouri 
is being petitioned for a liberal appropria¬ 
tion to carry out this important hog 
cholera work. If the $10,000 asked for is 
granted, as it surely will be, the crusade 
against the cholera "will be carried on in 
earnest. Under present conditions the 
veterinary department of the Station is al¬ 
most out of available funds, and, of course, 
it is .obvious that it cannot, under these 
conditions,' push the work as it should be 
pushed. If the department is provided 
with the proper facilities for the manufac¬ 
ture and distribution of serum the loss will 
be so reduced as to lose its momentous 
economic importance. An outbreak then 
occurring in any part of the State can be 
limited to the farm on which it occurs, the 
spread to neighboring herds effectively pre¬ 
vented. and that practically at the loss 
only of those animals which are showing 
signs of the disease at the time when it is 
recognized. To protect the swine raisers 
against “fake” preparations this “immuniz¬ 
ing serum - ’ should be produced under State 
supervision, and be used under direction of 
competent and properly authorized persons. 
I can see no reason why hog cholera 
should not be handled just as any other 
contagious disease, that is, at State ex¬ 
pense, since the control of this disease is 
of concern to all the swine raisers of a 
community and not merely to the individ¬ 
ual owner who may be losing hogs from 
the disease. The farmer having the choJera 
on his place should notify the authorities, 
and they should take charge of the out¬ 
break, sending a skilled veterinarian to give 
proper advice in regard to disinfection and 
quarantine measures, and by the judicious 
use of the “preventive immunizing serum” 
prevent a widespread outbreak by stopping 
the disease on the spot. 
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