THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
365 
1909. 
INSECT ENEMIES OF THE CACAO TREE. 
The little tree with its strange-look- 
ing pillow-case cage shown in Fig. 149, 
is a Philippine cacao protected against 
borers, and is reproduced from the 
Philippine Agricultural Review. Like 
CACAO TREE PROTECTED AGAINST 
BORER. Fig. 149. 
most plants grown in the shade, the 
cacao, whose fruit gives us our cocoa 
and chocolate products, is very sus¬ 
ceptible to insect attacks. One of the 
worst of these is the borer, which often 
causes serious injury, or even the death 
of the tree. The borer is usually fol¬ 
lowed by other insects, including plant 
lice and ants, which are very de¬ 
structive. 
A Question of Drainage. 
J. It. 8., Northioood , N. Y .—I have pur¬ 
chased eight acres of land, one mile from 
Little Falls, N. Y., which T intend to work 
as a garden farm. The soil is a rich 
loam. A State geological report says that 
it is composed of disintegrated “passage 
beds of Utica shale and Trenton lime¬ 
stone,” with some sand left by the great 
glaciers. A bed of the shale lies under the 
whole place at a depth of from six to eight 
feet. Most of the farm slopes gently to the 
south but a two-acre field at the south end 
has a slope of from one in 25 to one in 
10. Because of the slope and the underly¬ 
ing shale rock the seepage of water from 
the higher land at the north keeps the 
whole place too wet for cultivation until 
late in the Spring—sometimes until a 
month after other gardens in the region 
have been planted to early vegetables. Of 
course I must put tiles under the whole 
farm, and plenty of them, and 1 wish to 
tile the two-acre field, not only to drain it 
but to aerate and warm it up early. If 
I put elbows of tile at the upper end of 
each line, and so bring the tile line to the 
surface—give a clear sweep through each 
line of tile—will not the warm air of the 
early Spring days flow through the drains 
in a way to warm up the soil much more 
quickly than ordinary blind tiles would 
do it? If the answer is in the affirma¬ 
tive, will it be a good scheme at that 
season to erect iron pipes, painted black, 
above each opening to increase the draft? 
Considering that I can irrigate from an 
unfailing source whenever necessary, how 
far apart shall I lay the drains to get the 
land in shape at the earliest possible day? 
Ans. —This ooze from higher ground 
makes about the loudest kind of a call 
for thorough drainage. There are two 
ways by which to cut it off. One is 
to run a drain across the north side 
of the field if there is sufficient grade 
and a chance for an outlet east or 
west. The other, and I should judge in 
this case, better plan, would be to run 
spurs out from upper end of north and 
south drains. This last plan makes it 
possible to take advantage of grades 
caused by depressions. If, as in diagram 
I, drain B should be in lower ground 
than A or C by east and west level, 
bring two spurs into B as shown. To 
illustrate .farther as in diagram II, if 
.drain D should be lower than E or 
F bring the spur past E and F into D. 
This plan will, perhaps, require a few 
more feet of drains than the first named, 
but there is a much better chance to 
get these short spurs down to the flow 
of water which causes the ooze, than 
there would be with one long drain 
across the field east and west. The 
chances are that this flow will be found 
at different depths, and it is essential 
that the east and west drain or drains 
be down to it, otherwise the water will 
continue in its habitual course. If there 
is much surface water coming from the 
north, an open ditch along the line 
would also be in order. The distance 
apart for .the north and south drains 
will be determined by their depth and 
degree of density of the soil. Two rods 
is about as close as is thought neces¬ 
sary in the stiffest clay at a depth of 
two to three feet. If put in at 
tliis distance the soil will be drained 
and aerated without any draft flues at 
the upper end of drains. 
As fast as water is removed by the 
drains, the voids are filled with air. 
The water has kept the air out and 
the heat energy that should have been 
used in warming the soil and getting 
Nature’s laboratory into working order 
has been dissipated in evaporating the 
water. When we consider that in evap¬ 
orating one pound of water enough heat 
has been consumed to raise -the temp¬ 
erature of pounds from freezing to 
the boiling point, and the tile which 
discharges five tons o-f water per dav 
for two months saves an amount of 
heat equal to 25 tons of coal, then we 
can understand something of what a 
powerful chilling process evaporation is, 
and how little we farmers can afford 
to dispose of water in this way where 
crops are to be grown. 
If I interpret the last question rightly 
it means that the inquirer thinks that 
the more thoroughly the draining is done 
the more liable the crops are to suffer 
from drought. This is a common mis¬ 
conception as to the effect of under 
draining for the reverse is true. Plants 
require drink, but they want it in film 
moisture moving upward through the 
soil, and not stagnant water, and there is 
much more of the former after a pro¬ 
longed drought in a well-drained .soil 
than in one which has been water-logged 
during part of the season. An irrigat¬ 
ing plant is a boon to the trucker 
and there are few seasons, if any, in 
which it could not be used to advantage 
but not to greater advantage because 
of well-drained land. 
J. F. VAN SCHOONHOVEN. 
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