1900. 
THE; RURAL NEW-YORKER 
3©6 
FREE WATER IN EARTH S CRUST. 
The U. S. Geological Survey gives fig¬ 
ures to show how much water the soil con¬ 
tains. The computations was made by 
M. L. Fuller: 
“Free water” is defined as the water 
that occupies the joints, solution passages, 
pores, or other openings in the rock, as 
distinguished from the chemically combined 
water in the minerals of the rocks. Thi 
free water has a more or less definite cir¬ 
culation even in the densest rocks, while 
the water in combination is not in liquid 
form, but is a part of the mineral com¬ 
pound itself. The free water should also 
he distinguished from the available water, 
for some materials, like clay, hold great 
quantities of water and yet give up only 
insignificant amounts. It is, in fact, pos¬ 
sible for a rock to hold from 35 to 40 
per cent of water and yet yield almost 
none at all to a pump—that is, almost 
none of its water is available. He con¬ 
cludes, after consideration of all the avail¬ 
able factors, that the total free water 
held in the earth’s crust would l>e equiva¬ 
lent to “a uniform sheet over the entire 
surface with a depth of a little less than 
100 feet (9(5 feet) * * * If the aver¬ 
age depth of the ocean is 14,000 feet, its 
volume is equivalent to a layer 10,500 feet 
deep over the whole earth’s surface. The 
underground water would (therefore be 
roughly only one one-hundredth of the 
volume of the ocean.” This proportion has 
been computed by other investigators to be 
from one-half to one-eighteenth. 
Mr. Fuller says: “ There is a general 
tendency to overestimate the amount of 
water In the ground owing to the impres¬ 
sion of great volume which a large well 
conveys, the fact that a large area is 
drained being frequently overlooked. A 
study of the conditions in deep wells in 
the United States leads the writer to be¬ 
lieve that the average amount of water 
present in the earth is probably under 
rather than over the amount estimated. 
While It; is believed that the present esti¬ 
mate of the amount of the underground 
water is fairly close for the earth as a 
whole it is to be expected that the amount 
in certain materials and at certain local¬ 
ities will depart considerably from the 
figures given." 
CO-OPERATIVE STORES. 
Since printing a recent note about co¬ 
operation among farmers we have had sev¬ 
eral reports of such enterprises. The fol¬ 
lowing account of the Houlton Grange 
Store is taken from the Maine Farmer: 
“The first important thing is to select 
the right man to conduct the business—a 
man who is honest, efficient and who has 
a good business tact. The next thing is to 
have the Patrons loyal to the Grange store, 
and if some goods should he bought when 
they were high in price and then before 
they were sold, should fall in price, and 
the store in the city that bought on the 
low market could undersell the Grange, the 
Patrons would need to buy of the Grange 
store even If they did pay a little more on 
these goods. Our mode Is to put a per 
cent above the total cost. All goods, ex¬ 
cepting flour, sugar and grass seed, are 
sold at five per cent above cost. Grass 
seed two per cent, which pays for the 
extra help to handle it just for a short 
time in the Spring; flour and sugar we 
handle at cost, with no per cent added. 
When we commenced business we had only 
$130 as capital and did a $10,000 business 
on that amount. Last year we did a busi¬ 
ness of $136,000 and added to our capital 
over $4,000. We have a good grist mill 
run by electricity. I see no reason why 
the Patrons in that vicinity should halt in 
the carrying out of their part of the pro¬ 
ceedings, if) they will use care in selecting 
the agent and manager. Our store and 
insurance company is a great saving to the 
farmers of this county. There are now 
quite a number of Grange stores in this 
county—Patten Grange is about ready to 
start one—they will issue Grange notes at 
six per cent interest and they will be 
taken by the members of the Grange.” 
Aroostook Co., Mo. wili.ard wkston. 
There is an inquiry on page 322 about 
eo-operafive stores. The Scandinavians 
had one In this city for many years, which 
was a success, but sold out a short time 
ago, and the Finns and Germans seem to 
be able to make them succeed, too. I got 
caught one share and an order in the First 
National Co-operative Society of Chicago a 
few years ago, and it Is only about two 
weeks since I had a letter and circulars 
from the president who Is re-organizing the 
company and offering shares in the new 
company in return for the shares in the 
old one, if you buy some new shares. I 
am not buying any of them, thank you. 
But I do think the farmers should 
patronize the Grange co-operative societies. 
The one just started in this State is cer¬ 
tainly saving us farmers money, especially 
on fertilizers. a. w. b. 
Fitchburg, Mass. 
LICENSE BOOK FOR AU TOMOBILES. 
A very excellent idea, to our mind, is 
the automobile license book suggested by 
Judge Barlow, one of the New York City 
Magistrates. He thinks that an automo¬ 
bile license should be issued in the form 
of a small volume provided with blanks 
for the purpose of recording the holder’s 
violations of speed laws. The driver 
should be compelled to carry the book, and 
a glance at the entries, in which the court 
would make the records, would enable 
magistrates to loam at once whether the 
chauffeur was a habitual offender. Under 
existing conditions, many offenders break 
the law repeatedly because it is difficult 
for the court to know their previous rec¬ 
ord. The speed maniac is not a menace 
to the country road alone, but algo to the 
crowded city street, and the alarming in¬ 
crease in automobile homicides in this city 
has caused the City Federation of 
Women’s Clubs—a very powerful organiza¬ 
tion—to take the matter up. Say the offi¬ 
cers of the Federation : 
“Whatt we must do is to so awaken the 
public to the enormity of this killing with 
cars that no magistrate will dare to let 
one o these scorchers off with a mere fine 
or a reprimand. A driver, whether owner 
or employee, who, through his own reck¬ 
lessness or indifference, or drunken mal¬ 
ice, kills with his automobile, should re¬ 
ceive the same treatment in court that is 
accorded to the man who kills with a 
knife or a revolver. And the driver who 
does not happen to run over anybody, 
but who is arrested for violating the speed 
law, should be punished by imprisonment, 
not by fine. Let a few wealthy owners of 
cars suffer the discomforts and humilia¬ 
tions of a term in jail and let the families 
of a few chauffeurs feel the pinch of no 
wages while the earners are in jail, and 
we will have an improvement; not before.” 
SOME TRUTH ABOUT PORTO RICO. 
It would be gratifying If the scope of 
The R. N.-Y. might include the American 
tropics, especially those of the East. We 
have general interest in the apples of the 
Pacific coast and of “bashful” Vermont. 
But a bunch of us Americans down here 
have invested ourselves and money—and 
that of our friends—in the culture of tropic 
fruits, especially Citrus and pineapple, and 
while not a few of us have learned that 
prospects took rank over facts at the out¬ 
set, we are progressing In this culture— 
new to most of us—and beginning to make 
good. Five years of costly experience has 
convinced us that we can raise a high- 
grade orange, grape fruit and pineapple, 
and get them into market in good shape. 
And we have learned this at no small cost. 
The early political exploiting of Porto Rico, 
though with the backing of a Presidential 
message, we know now, should have been 
taken with a good-sized grain of salt. We 
have had the problems of soil, scale, trade 
wind, transportation and even the tax 
policy of the island to contend with. The 
island road policy is far in advance of 
that in many if not most of the States. 
When a road is built here it is a good 
one—graded, cement bridges, stoned and 
ditched. Sometimes a community has to 
furnish motive power for moving earth and 
rock in order to get the desired road, but 
the result justifies the effort. 
The recent tax policy, however, Is an 
astonishment inasmuch as it divides tiie 
fruit men into classes with different stand¬ 
ards of assessment and consequent taxes. 
There are in J’orto Rico numerous small 
corporations organized for the development 
of fruit lands. These are assessed upon 
their capital stock while their neighbors— 
Individual and partnership owners—are as¬ 
sessed upon an arbitrary valuation upon 
$375 
U 
uaranteed 
Motor 
Buggies 
Sure service—always ready—never fall—never get tired 
—cost no more than a good horse and buggy—cost far 
less to keep—sure-goers over 
Any Kind of Roads 
Speed up to 30 miles an hour. Simple, durable, guaran¬ 
teed mechanical construction. Solid tires—no tire troubles 
or repair expense. A woman or child can drive them. 
Farmers of high standing may secure appointment as 
agents. Twenty models to choose from. Complete line. 
Write for free catalog No. 86, illustrated and descriptive. 
W. H. MCINTYRE COMPANY. Auburn. Indiana 
256 Broadway, New York. 1730 Grand slve., Kansas City. 
WaterSupply^ for Country Houses 
The Problem Solved 
No elevated tank to 
freeze or leak. Tank 
located in collar. 
Any pressuro up to 
60 lbs. The ideal 
flro protection. Send for 
Illustrated Catalogue Q, 
Let our Engineersfippireout your needs 
Lunt-MossCo.43S. MarketSt. Boston_ 
1000 GALLON CEDAR TANK, 
25 FOOT STEEL TOWER. 
- JUST LIKE CUT COMPLETE. 
Why pay more? Any handy man 
can erect this outfit. Our outfits 
guarantood or money back. 
Other sizes equally as low. 
THE BALTIMORE COOPERAGE CO., 
Liberty Block, Baltimore, Md. 
Wo. make Silos loo. 
Wiiknt you write advertisers mention Tim 
R. N.-Y. and you'll get a quick reply and 
“a square deal.” See guarantee page 12. 
—99 %» % Pure— 
American Ingot Iron Roofing 
Guaranteed For 30 Years 
Without Painting 
The Only Guaranteed Metal Roofing ever put on the 
market. Samples free. Write for a free book showing 
remarkable tests. A way out of your roof troubles. 
THE AMERICAN IRON ROOFING CO., Dept. D. ELYRIA, OHIO 
$ 1,500 
MADE 
ON 
Writ© for Free Catalog. Describes 
and illustrates our line of tho 
ORIGINAL MT. GILEAD 
HYDRAULIC 
CIDER PRESSES 
Built in sizes 10 to 
400 barrols per day 
Hand or power. 
Prosses for all 
purposes. Also 
Steam Evapora- 
tart, Apple-Butter 
Cookers, Vinegar Generators 
and everything for tho Cider 
and Vinegar - maker. Wo 
can show you how #1,500 
clear profit can bo made 
HYDRAULIC PRESS MFD. CO.. 137 Lincoln Avt., HI. Bilssd. Okin 
Or Room 174 L, 19 Coillondt SI.. How Tort 
Lorgut 
M.nfO. of 
Cider PreaHO In th. World. 
Monarch 
Hydraulic 
Cider Press 
Great strength and ca¬ 
pacity: all sizes; also 
gasoline engines, 
steam engines. 
Sawmills, thresh- 
_ ers. Catalog free. 
Monarch Machinery Co, 609 Cortlandt Bldg.. New York 
Trial 
PLOW THE EASY WAY- 
USE A WINNER PLOW TRUCK 
Don't touch the handles, walk on the even ground and turn a 
smoother, straighter furrow. Holds plow steady in stoniest 
ground. A light boy or woman can do the work easily. 
3 Days Work In 2 Days 
and all tho drudgery avoided. As good on side hill as 
on flat land plow. Saves the plow points and carries the 
low anywhere. No use for wagon or stone boat. 
ry It lO Days at My Risk. Write for descriptive 
matter and full particulars. Agents wanted. 
L. R. LEWIS, Mfgr., Box 12, Cortland. M. V. 
Freight 
On 
Preese 
Bros. 
Prepaid Rubber 
Roofing 
D ON’T spend a dollar for roofing until you havoseen and tested tho old. reliable 
Broo.o Bros, guaranteed waterproof,tire-resisting,durable Rubber Roofing- 
Made by our own special process, of long-ilbre wool felt, saturated In asphalt. 
Frpp Cement and Special Hoolinfl u ^ avl 'y coa ‘ ed °“ both .id... 
» 4 Moii., inntnD.J i„_ .mi Send lor Free Samples and Booklet 
Get those samples of 1-ply, 2-ply and 
dS-ply roofing. Put them to every test you 
lean think or and prove to your own sat- 
tlsfactlnn that Broo.o Bro*. Rubber Roof- 
lino I s the highest quality roofing on the 
Jmarket. Wo give tho 
Longest Guarantee 
Send for samples or order now on our 
J strong guarantee of satisfaction or money 
back. We pay freight to all points east 
of the western boundary line of Minneso¬ 
ta, Iowa, Missouri, and north of south line of Tennessee. 
Nails inclosed in each roll. 
Hammer lays It. 
Lowest Factory 
Prices 
Frolght Prepaid on 
100 lbs. or more 
35-lb.Roll—108 aj or 
Sq. Ft.—1-Ply 
45-lb.Roll—108 4 or 
Sq. Ft.—2-Ply 
55-lb.Roll—108 a *><? 
Sq. Ft.—3-Ply 
Order today, or write for 
Samples and Booklet 
w,ivn.,ui.vu.,, ..... ... ... u ,„. ... ....... . ......... Don’t 
delay ordering; these special prices may not boolforcd to you again. 
Take advantage of them and write now, today. 
THE BREESE BROS. CO„ RoofinifJIegL^l^^ 
GALLOWAY 
YOU 
$50 to $300 
S AVE from $50 to $300 by buying your gasoline engine of 2 to22-horsc-power from 
a real engine factory. Save dealer, jobber and catalogue house profit. No such offer 
as I make on the class of engine I sell has ever been made before in all Gasoline Engine 
history. Here is the secret and reason : 1 turn them out all alike by the thousands in my 
enormous modern factory, equipped with automatic machinery. I sell them direct to you 
for less money than some factories can make them at actual shop cost. 
All you pay me for is actual raw material, labor and one small profit (and I buy my 
material in enormous quantities). 
Anybody can afford and might just as well have a high grade engine when he 
can get in on a wholesale deal of this kind. I’m doing something that never was 
done before. Think of it I A price to you that is lower than dealers and 
jobbers can buy similar engines for, in carload lots, for spot cash. 
An engine that is made so good in the factory that I will send 
it out anywhere in the U. S. without an expert to any inexperienced 
users, on 30 days’ free trial, to test against any engine made of 
similar horse-power that sells for twice as much, and let him v 
be the judge. Sell your poorest horse end buy • / 
fmM, 
.... w 
5-H.-P. Only $110.50 
Get G allow ay 9 s 
Biggest and Best 
BOOK 
GASOUME 
ENGINE 
Write today for my beautiful new 50-page Engine Book In four 
colors, nothing like it ever printed before, full of valuable information, 
showing how 1 make them and how you can make more money with a 
gasoline engine on the farm. Write me— 
Wm. Galloway, Proa., Wm. Galloway Go. 
665 Galloway Station, Waterloo, Iowa 
actual development, age of trees, etc. The 
result is an irritating discrimination which 
the present treasurer stubornly refuses to 
remove. When protest Is made and the 
inequity of the course is averred and op¬ 
portunity asked to show the unfairness, the 
old defense of “no jurisdiction” Is raised. 
It is conceded that the present policy is a 
radical change from that of the previous 
treasurer. It is conceded also that the fruit 
corporations are sufferers thereby, or at least 
are compelled to pay larger taxes than their 
neighbors or perjure themselves in their 
estimate of the value of their stock. But 
to any complaint the answer Is: “They’ve 
gone about it in the wrong way;” so the 
manner of seeking redress Is held to off¬ 
set the hardship, if not palpable injustice. 
This would hardly seem to encourage the 
investment of northern eapilal. But we 
hope this is simply an episode and a brief 
one. The fruit industry is here to stay, 
and pay—treasurers have come and gone, 
and with them policies have changed. 
SAN JUAN, p. it. 
PRICE 
Direct From Our Factory 
Saves You 40% to 50% 
On Vehicles and Harness 
Hand Forged Wrought Iron Gears 
BOOK 
FREE 
Send Your Name 
on a Postal. 
Shows 75 
Style*-102 
Pages. 
Friend— Let us send you our Big 1909 Columbus Vehicle Book Free and quote 
you prices that will save you 40 to 50 per cent cash. Pick out just what you want and 
use it a month. 
Every Columbus Buggy Is shipped subject to this test— sold straight from factory 
to you at manufacturers'prices. If not found as represented—and satisfactory in every 
way—buggy can be returned—all freight charges will be borne by us—and all money 
paid cheerfully refunded. Long-time guarantee given on every vehicle. 
COLUMBUS—on a buggy—stands for quality the world over—highest 
Quality possible to obtain in a vehicle—and being now 
On Full 
Month Trial 
Savon you the big profits of dealers or agents. Wrlto us a postal or letter 
bo wo can prove tho savings that wo can make you on high grade Colum¬ 
bus Vehicles and Harness. Wo will also send our Big Book Free. It will 
pay you to write 
THE COLUMBUS CARRIAGE & HARNESS CO. 
Station C88 Columbus. Ohio 
Sold Direct 
WHY NOT USE HUBBARD’S? 
