1909. 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
463 
MANAGEMENT OF PASTURES. 
In a lecture at the New York State 
College of Agriculture at Ithaca dur¬ 
ing “Farmers’ Week,” a discussion of 
the management of pastures was taken 
up by Prof. Warren and Prof. White. 
The substance of the discussion was 
as follows: Much land, especially on 
the hills and in pockets where it is 
damp, is sour (or acid), and will not 
grow well some of the most important 
grasses and clovers. In such cases a 
liberal application of lime should be 
used. Whenever there is any doubt 
as to whether a piece of land needs 
lime, the best thing to do is to apply 
lime to a small part of it and see if 
there is any improvement. From this 
small experimental plot the course of 
management can be determined. Some 
of the most important points to be ob¬ 
served in the making of a permanent 
pasture are simple and easy to apply. 
Seeding. — In starting a permanent 
pasture the soil should be in good con¬ 
dition and well manured, and if the 
soil is acid it should be limed. An 
excellent mixture of seeds is as fol¬ 
lows: Per acre—Timothy, 10 to 15 
pounds; Red clover, four to six pounds; 
Alsike clover, two pounds; Kentucky 
P»lue grass, three pounds; White clo¬ 
ver, one pound. In many instances it 
would be profitable to add Red-top, Or¬ 
chard grass and Meadow fescue. Red- 
top will grow in wetter soils than 
Kentucky Blue, but is not so well 
liked by cattle. In shady places Or¬ 
chard grass does well. After a pas¬ 
ture is started it can be built up with 
a little attention at the right time. In 
the early Spring, as soon as the land 
is dried out sufficiently, the pasture, 
especially those places where the grass 
is light, as on knolls, should be har¬ 
rowed with a spike-tooth harrow and 
should be seeded with a mixture con¬ 
taining considerable clover seed. 
Fertilizer. — The barren places 
should also receive a liberal applica¬ 
tion of commercial fertilizer. Excel¬ 
lent results have been obtained on the 
Roberts’ Pasture at Ithaca by using 
500 pounds to two tons of lime and 
150 pounds commercial fertilizers per 
acre every three years. Some have 
been successful sowing with a grain 
drill, but probably the best method is 
to harrow and sow by hand. The har¬ 
rowing loosens up the soil and gives 
lodgment for the seed. The best time 
to seed and fertilize is in the early 
Spring. One of the best things to 
keep up a pasture is to treat it liber¬ 
ally with stable manure. The best 
time to apply this is in the Fall or 
during the Winter. Do not pasture too 
early. The ground should be thor- 
ughly dried out, and the grass should 
have considerable growth before the 
cattle are turned out. Much injury 
an be done by letting the cattle out 
in the early Spring when the ground 
is soft. On the other hand late Fall 
pasturing is not injurious, and the ad¬ 
visability of pasturing then must be 
determined by the amount of feed. 
Mowing. — Weeds and unpalatable 
grasses are left by the cattle, and if 
they are not cut down they will go to 
seed and thus become thicker (year 
after year. Mowing should be done 
one or more times, and before flie 
seeds could possibly be mature. The 
material may be left on the land, where 
it acts as a mulch and a fertilizer. 
Devil’s paint-brush cannot be eradicated 
by mowing alone, as it spreads by 
means of its roots, but it can be read¬ 
ily cleaned out by cultivation. Pas¬ 
tures that are badly infested with this 
weed should be plowed up if possible 
and planted to some cultivated crop 
for a couple of years. If this is im¬ 
possible then the hest way is to seed 
and harrow, manure and lime rather 
heavily. _ The idea is to crowd out the 
weed with palatable pasture grasses. 
Of course the pasture should be 
mowed to prevent its spread by seeds. 
CHAS. F. BOEHLER. 
LICENSING CHEESE AND BUTTER 
MAKERS. 
At the end of 1910 no person will 
be allowed to act as manager of a 
cheese factory or creamery in Ontario 
unless he possesses a certificate of 
qualification from a dairy school, or 
secures a special permit from the De¬ 
partment of Agriculture. A bill cov¬ 
ering this will become law at the ses¬ 
sion of the Ontario Legislature. The 
effect of such legislation if properly 
worked out and enforced should be 
greatly to enhance the value of the 
cheese and butter makers’ profession, 
and raise the standard of wages. The 
man who can qualify will be all right 
and will welcome this legislation. The 
other man, who manages, by under¬ 
bidding competent men, to get a job 
as manager, will be down and out. 
And so he should be, if he cannot 
turn out the kind of goods the criti¬ 
cal market of to-day demands. This 
certificate plan, though it may increase 
the cost of making somewhat, should 
be of advantage to the employer also. 
He will have , some guarantee that the 
man he engages to manage his busi¬ 
ness is qualified for the work. This 
should be worth something, and he 
should be willing to pay a little for 
the sense of security which the certi¬ 
ficate system will give him. There is 
this to be said, however. No maker, 
however well qualified he may be, 
should be expected to make a first- 
class article of cheese or butter out 
of bad milk or cream, or in a building 
that is unsanitary or has not the pro¬ 
per equipment. Given good milk or 
cream and proper sanitary conditions 
and equipment, an employer has the 
right to expect that a maker who can 
qualify for a certificate under this new 
legislation will be able to turn out a 
first-class finished product at all times. 
If this new legislation will not do this, 
then it would better not be put in 
force. j. w. vv. 
LITTLE NATURE STORIES. 
Curious Doings of a Hen. 
On our farm we seem continually to 
have animals or birds that do stunts 
out of the common. Some of them 
will hardly do to tell, but here is one 
of the mildest. It is an idea of ours 
that it is poor policy to let hens be 
in the bam, but they will insist on go¬ 
ing there to lay, and as 1 we have plenty 
of other places I trained our dog to 
drive them out. It is great fun for 
him to pounce on them, although he is 
not allowed to pull feathers or hurt 
them. One morning I saw the dog up 
on the hay pointing at a hen in a nest 
as I supposed, but when I asked him 
why he didn’t drive it out, he looked 
so queer and excited I went to see 
what it was, and found a cat with four 
little kittens. The following evening 
we had company, and everyone no¬ 
ticed how the cat would run in and 
out every time the door was opened, 
but merely thought she was restless 
on account of having the kittens in 
the barn, and being our favorite house 
cat. Along about 10 o’clock she be¬ 
came so restless and meowed so pit¬ 
eously I made up my mind in some 
manner or other she was locked out of 
the barn, and went and opened the 
barn door. She rushed in, hut before 
I could close the door she rushed out 
again. Then I took a tumble; something 
was wrong with the kittens, and went 
and got a lantern—What did I find 
but a great big fat hen covering those 
kittens! When I threw her off the 
poor little things set up such a howl¬ 
ing, as they had probably been 12 or 
14 hours without food, that the old 
cat could hardly get to them quick 
enough. The next day the old cat 
brought her kittens into the kitchen, 
and that same day three of them dis¬ 
appeared very mysteriously as far as 
the cat was concerned. 
Suits Against Infringers of 
DE LAVAL 
Cream Separator Patents 
Affecting the Standard Separator 
Co., the Iowa Dairy Separator Co., 
the Peerless Cream Separator Co., 
and all others who have or may be 
making, selling or using Cream 
Separators containing “Disc” bowl 
construction infringing United States 
Letters Patent No. 892,999. 
We have previously announced the bringing of suit by 
THE DE LAVAL SEPARATOR COMPANY against 
the STANDARD SEPARATOR CO. for infringement of 
LETTERS PATENT NO. 892,999 in the manufacture and 
sale of cream separators covered by the claims of said letters 
patent, and the fact of infringing separators made by the 
STANDARD SEPARATOR CO. being sold by various 
other concerns under several different names. 
We now beg to announce, for the information and caution 
of all whom it may concern, that further suits .for infringement 
of this patent have likewise been begun in the UNITED 
STATES CIRCUIT COURT against the IOWA DAIRY 
SEPARATOR CO. and the PEERLESS CREAM SEP¬ 
ARATOR CO., both of Waterloo, la. 
Separators made by one or both of said IOWA and 
PEERLESS Companies have been or are being sold under 
different names by the RACINE-SATTLEY CO. of Omaha, 
Neb.; the HANFORD PRODUCE CO. of Sioux City, la.; 
the L. A. WATKINS MERCHANDISE CO. of Denver, 
Colo., and several other concerns whose names are not mentioned 
either because conclusive evidence has not yet been obtained 
against them or because of their expressed determination to get 
out of the separator business. 
All separators containing such infringing Disc construction 
sold by any of these concerns, or anyone else, equally infringe 
said letters patent as if actually sold by the STANDARD, 
IOWA or PEERLESS Companies under their own names, 
and all of these concerns are equally liable for such in¬ 
fringement. 
Likewise is EVERY USER of any such infringing 
separator bought of any of these parties or anyone else liable 
to the DE LAVAL COMPANY for all income or profit 
derived from the use thereof. 
The caution is again repeated that there are STILL 
OTHER CONCERNS infringing this and other DE 
LAVAL owned patents who will be held accountable in 
due course. 
THE DE LAVAL SEPARATOR CO, 
42 E. Madison Street 
CHICAGO 
1213 * lHfi Eii.bkrt Street 
PHILADELPHIA 
Drum.-* At Sacramento Sts. 
SAN FRANCISCO. 
General Offices: 
165 Broadway, 
NEW YORK. 
113-17" W ii.mam Street 
MONTREAL 
14 k 16 Princess Street 
WINNIPEG 
107 First Street 
PORTLAND, OREC. 
F. IIORSFELD. 
