1909. 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
4«6 
THE FENCE WIRE SITUATION. 
The zvritcr confidently believes that 
in the near future now the farmers of 
tlic country wall find a very material 
improvement in the quality of the fab¬ 
ricated fences as well as the straight 
zvire which is offered in the market. 
That is the most hopeful sentence 
for farmers who buy wire fence that 
has yet been written. It is made by 
Prof. A. S. Cushman of the Depart¬ 
ment of Agriculture. Some years ago 
The R. N.-Y. began in earnest to 
talk about fence wire. We kept talk¬ 
ing until the United States Department 
of Agriculture took 'up the subject 
and assigned Prof. Cushman to the 
duty of hunting a remedy. It was a 
hard job. It was necessary first of all 
to learn wdiy the wire rusts. We felt 
from the first that Prof. Cushman 
would “make good.” He has done so, 
and better wire is coming on the mar¬ 
ket. Speaking of the beginning of the 
work he says: 
At the beginning of these investigations 
the opinion of most of the large manufac¬ 
turers appeared to be that the agitation of 
the subject was uncalled for and unneces¬ 
sary. One prominent manufacturer took 
this attitude in a signed statement writ¬ 
ten in 1905, in which lie said : “The fence 
wire we are making to-day is superior to 
that made 10 and 20 years ago, the spelter 
is more uniformly applied, and the coating 
heavier. Our galvanizing processes have 
been improved from year to year, and the 
uniform quality of the wire produced is 
very good.” 
To the millions of farmers who had 
wire fences hanging in rotten strings 
this was a foolish statement, but Prof. 
Cushman knew that no progress could 
he made until he could convince these 
manufacturers that better wire Was 
demanded and that it is possible to 
make it. As a result of his patient 
work he is able to say: 
it is satisfactory to be able to report a 
large measure of success along these lines. 
Nearly every prominent manufacturer of 
steel wire fencing in the country is now 
prepared to admit that there is great room 
for improvement, but further than this, 
the large manufacturers have been earn¬ 
estly cooperating in the investigations, and 
have spent much money in the attempt to 
find out how to make a more rust-resistant 
wi re. 
Pie convinced them that not only 
must the best steel be used in making 
wire, but there must be a better coating 
or “galvanizing.” When asked how he 
presented this proposition Prof. Cush¬ 
man says: 
In the study of this question there are 
two entirely different problems involved. 
The first includes the study of the best 
kind of steel that it is practically possible to 
use for fencing purposes, while the second 
is entirely a question of the proper and 
most efficient protective coating, such as 
zinc, paint, etc. Granted that every 
manufacturer of fencing in the country was 
using the best possible steel in the manu¬ 
facture of the wire, it would still rust and 
corrode unless it were properly covered 
with some protective coating. There is no 
difficulty in putting heavy zinc protective 
coating on straight strands of wire, such 
as are used for telegraph and telephone 
purposes, but in the woven wire type of 
fence which has proved so well adapted for 
American farm purposes it is necessary 
that the wire should work properly in the 
weaving machines. The very heavily coated 
zinc wire such as is used for telegraph pur¬ 
poses could not be worked in the weaving 
machines without the coating of zinc 
cracking and lifting where the knots and 
bends are made. It has therefore been 
necessary heretofore to use a thinner 
coated or so-called “wiped” wire in the 
woven fences. 
Is this true of all wire fences? 
Yes; of other forms of fabricated 
fencing, such as those which are con¬ 
structed by various welding processes, or 
put together with patent clips: The defi¬ 
ciency in the amount of zinc carried by 
these different types of fabricated fences 
is only one of the important reasons why 
modern fences have been found to rust and 
fail so rapidly. There is every reason to 
believe that in the near future the manu¬ 
facturers will have learned how to put on 
heavier coatings of zinc, either by gal¬ 
vanizing the wire a-fter the fence has been 
fabricated or by special ca?e in their meth¬ 
ods of applying the zinc coating to the 
wire in the first place. It is probable that 
the outcome of this work will be that 
more than one grade of fencing will be 
placed on the market: that is to say, those 
buyers of fence who desire a specially 
heavy-coated fencing made out of specified 
material will have to pay a somewhat 
larger price for it, while those who still 
consider that the cheapest form of wire 
obtainable will serve their purpose will be 
able to buy it. The writer is informed by 
the agents of a number of the steel manu¬ 
facturing companies that they are already 
preparing to place upon the market better 
material than has heretofore been avail¬ 
able. 
Will there be any change in the gal¬ 
vanizing ? 
Very interesting investigations are now 
under way along the line of the develop¬ 
ment of special metallic alloys to go on 
the surface of (lie steel which will be ex¬ 
tremely resistant to corrosion. The qual¬ 
ity of the steel wire to be used is also 
receiving careful attention. 
At Pittsburg tests are being made 
with many panels of wire fence made 
of different kinds of steel, and covered 
with different grades of galvanizing. 
After a full test the results will be 
made known, and at last we are to 
have better fence wire. 
Hen Manure : Water Glass. 
J. B. O., Taunton, Mass .—I have a 
garden 30 by G4 feet. 1. How many bar¬ 
rels of hen droppings shall I require to 
give it a fair amount, and will it be better 
to spread it on and turn it under, or use 
it in the hills or drills? 2. How should I 
prepare water glass to preserve eggs, that 
is how much water to the glass? Can it 
be used the second time, and be sure of 
preserving the eggs? 
Ans. — 1. We should figure about as 
follows: A garden should have at 
least 20 tons of stable manure to the 
acre. On this piece of ground we 
should use at least one ton. An ave¬ 
rage sample of hen manure without 
too many feathers or too much dirt 
contains about four times as much 
plant food as ordinary stable manure. 
I bus 500 pounds of hen manure on this 
plot will give you more plant food than 
20 tons of nianure to the acre. 2. We 
use one pint of water glass to nine 
pints of water. Boil the water before 
using. Put the water into a stone 
crock when cold, pour in the “glass” 
and stir it up. Put in the eggs so that 
they are all covered. The solution 
can he used two years. 
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