1909. 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
706 
BURNING LIME ON THE FARM. 
I saw in The R. N.-Y. a request for 
suggestions for lime burning suitable 
for farmers’ needs, and as I was for¬ 
merly a lime burner will offer plans 
that will suit small burners. For 
amounts from 50 to 400 bushels, I 
would burn on top of ground in a set 
kiln as follows: First level off a space 
large enough for kiln seat; then cut 
two trenches across about 6x6 inches 
for flues, as shown in diagram, these 
to be covered with flat sandstone or 
flagstones. Leave some small spaces be¬ 
tween the stones for air to pass up to 
kiln. Allow the flues to extend out 
beyond the kiln a few inches, so they 
will not get clogged up. Begin the 
kiln by laying two heavy pieces of 
hard wood parallel with these flues and 
a few inches apart; then fill in between 
these logs .with fine dry pine and shav¬ 
ings soaked with carbon oil. The quar¬ 
ters between these heavy pieces can now 
be filled in with cord wood, filling 
them up tight and stopping all cracks 
with smaller pieces or old rails. After 
the bottom is covered over about 10 
inches with wood in this way put on 
a course of coal, so the wood will be 
all hidden. The coal can be run of 
the mine, that is, unscreened coal. Then 
put on a course of limestone about 10 
or 12 inches deep, and follow this with 
another course of coal sufficient to 
cover all the stone, and so continue with 
stone and coal until the kiln is topped 
out. The angle of the sides should not 
be any steeper than slack will lie with 
which you cover it. For quantity of 
coal the rule I give of covering all high 
spots is about right, under 100-bushel 
kilns give a little more and over 100- 
bushels perhaps a little less, as the 
larger the body the greater the heat. 
When the kiln is finished put on a 
light covering of slack about two-thirds 
of the way up; then fire it by light¬ 
ing the four points where the kindling 
and shavings are. Allow it to burn un¬ 
til next morning; then if the fire seems 
to be started uniformly all under it 
cover this two-thirds where you put 
the slack down tight, covering all points 
of stone an inch or more with slack. 
If this slack is wet it will be better. 
Allow it to burn that way 24 hours, 
then cover the top down tight with 
slack, and shut off part of the draft at 
the flues. If any part of the kiln seems 
to be getting very hot, and other parts 
not hot enough, you can check the hot 
places by packing more slack on them, 
and hurry the slow places by putting 
some wood on them, although this is 
seldom needed. The stone in these 
small kilns should be broken finer than 
for larger kilns; about six or seven 
inches through in the thickest part, 
being careful to keep the large stones 
toward center and small ones to the 
outside. It will require about five days 
for a 200-bushel kiln to burn, and more 
for a larger one. It should be hauled 
as soon as fire is out to the field, as it 
is a difficult job hauling slack lime. In 
regard to using wood entirely for burn¬ 
ing lime, I have never tried that method. 
Here coal is cheaper than wood, 
though we have plenty of both. Bi¬ 
tuminous coal is five cents per bushel 
at the mine, and slack one to iy 2 cent. 
I have heard of persons using sods 
or dirt for covering kiln, but would 
prefer slack, as sods or dirt can pro¬ 
duce no heat. If in a district where 
coal is excessively dear and wood very 
cheap, I would try burning in a kiln 
dug in hillside and walled up all around 
to a height of seven or more feet, with 
flues same as I described; then use at 
least three times the bulk of wood to 
one of stone; you understand coal has 
greater heating and lasting qualities per 
bulk than wood, and a walled kiln or 
pit retains the heat better than the 
cheaper top of ground kiln, and the 
stone must be kept red hot for four or 
five days to burn it properly; merely 
heating it red hot, then allowing it to 
cool, will not do. jas. h. hill. 
Ohio. _ 
WINDMILL PUMPING DEVICE. 
The pictures show our arrangement 
for pumping with a power windmill. 
The gear wheels shown in Fig. 409 were 
taken from an old grain harvester, and 
in fact all parts were found on or near 
the farm. Starting with the vertical 
SHIFTING THE TOWER. Fig. 409. 
shaft (Fig. 409), we used bevel and spui- 
gears to change the position and reduce 
the speed. The pitman shows method 
of changing the revolving motion into 
that of a forward and backward one. 
Fig. 410 shows the pump with device at 
top connecting with the windmill at a 
PUMP SHOWING CONNECTION AT 
TOP. Fig. 410. 
distance, changing the back and forth 
motion into an up and down one, work¬ 
ing the pump. We have used this de¬ 
vice for over a year, and see no reason 
why it will not last as long as the wind¬ 
mill. s. L. H. 
New York. 
Nitrate of Soda and Wood Ashes. 
Reader (No Address ).—Wliat does nitrate 
of soda contain, and will the lime in wood 
ashes set free the nitrogen in it? I was 
thinking of mixing them together. 
Ans.— Nitrate of soda contains ni¬ 
trogen, sodium and oxygen, with small 
quantities of dirt or refuse. The nitro¬ 
gen is all there is in it of value as plant 
food. Tn each 100 pounds of nitrate 
of soda are about 16 pounds of nitro¬ 
gen. This form of nitrogen will not 
be set free by lime. Organic nitrogen— 
like that in blood, tankage fish or in 
clover hay—might be lost in that way 
unless covered in the soil. When it 
decays this organic nitrogen changes to 
ammonia and then to nitrates. The am¬ 
monia is a gas. The lime hastens its 
formation. If covered by the soil this 
gas will be mostly held. 
LEGAL MATTERS. 
Death of Holder of Note. 
A made a note which is payable ten 
years after date. The holder died two 
years later. Does this death hasten the 
maturity or terms of the note? is. a. 
New York. , 
The death of either party to a note, 
bond, undertaking or mortgage does not 
change its terms. The estate of deceased 
may discount or adjust the debt. In this 
case the death of the holder of a note 
will not hasten the date when it is due. 
If the estate wishes the money due on it 
the note may be sold or assigned. A 
contract to perform services on the other 
hand dies with the maker of it. 
Crops on Mortgaged Land. 
I am in arrears on my mortgage, and 
the mortgagee threatens to take possession. 
If he does so, do I lose my crops? 
Vermont. D. A. R. 
While a mortgage appears on its face 
to be an absolute deed, the courts trea.t 
it as a lien for the payment of a debt. In 
case the owner fails to pay the interest 
or principal when due the mortgagee- may 
proceed in court to foreclose. This is a 
long, technical proceeding in which notice 
is served on all parties having an interest 
in the place. Thus the owner or tenant 
will have ample time to harvest his crops. 
Whatever crops are on the place at the 
time of sale pass to the buyer unless ex¬ 
cluded by the terms of sale. As this’ is 
an expensive action you should settle the 
matter by an extension or have the mort¬ 
gage assigned to another mortgagee who 
will let the loan remain. 
Disputed Right of Way. 
Has a man a right to put a gate in a 
road leading from my place through his 
property to the main road? This road has 
been used for 35 years and lias never been 
closed up. I have no right of way over 
this road but have no other way out to 
the main road. G. g- 
New York. 
If you have acquired the right of way by 
deed the terms of the instrument will 
govern. Blit as you have used the way 
for over 20 years you have a complete 
right to it. But a right of way gives only 
such privileges as are necessary, thus a 
right to haul wood will not permit hauling 
crops, a right to drive cattle will not 
allow wagons. As you are using the land 
of another the law does not favor but 
restricts the usei^ The owner cannot pre¬ 
vent a reasonable use of the way, but we 
think that he can put up a gate, as that 
will not prevent the use of the way. 
Legal Fence. 
What constitutes a legal fence? Must 
it turn sheep? Who is liable for the in¬ 
jury done by trespassing hens? 
Pennsylvania. k. v. ir. 
In your State the same rule is adopted 
that an owner must fence his cattle in 
and need not fence his neighbor’s out. A 
legal fence has been defined as “such a 
fence as men of practical knowledge and 
experience would consider sufficient to 
protect the crops from injury by ordinary 
cattle, it is a question for the jury .”—21 
P. \j. J. 29. You should ask the town 
clerk if he has records of what is a legal 
fence in your'town: If you fear trouble 
with your neighbor you may call in two 
fence viewers who will inspect the fence 
and report what improvements it needs 
and apportion the cost. The owner of hens 
should keep them from trespassing; other¬ 
wise he is liable for any injury they do. 
If you catch them you have a lien on 
them until the owner settles for the dam¬ 
age done. 
Husband’s Authority Over Wife. 
A father, mother and two sons (of age), 
live together, the husband provides for the 
family, the sons pay cost of provision, 
mother does cooking, washing, ironing free 
to help her boys, who are poor. After 
certain time husband is away and at 
home when he pleases, and says if wife 
is hound to work for boys they must board 
and stand the expenses of the family. Has 
husband a right to hire her out and state 
amount of wages? Does wife’s time belong 
to her husband? While husband has home 
and all "the privileges of a home has he 
a right to withdraw support from wife 
even if she does give away some of her 
labor ? r. s. 
New York. 
The husband is the head of the family 
and may choose the location of the home 
but must at all hazards provide for and 
support his wife and family. If he neg¬ 
lects to support her in her proper station 
in life she may proceed against him and 
even commit him to jail. If she deserts 
him she forfeits her rights. The hus¬ 
band should not object to the wife 
working for sons unless he supports 
her. The wife may demand that he 
support her properly at any time. 
The husband cannot object to his wife 
working for sons until lie provides for 
her. 
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