24 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKE R 
January it, 
Ruralisms 
A Handsome Blue-Flowered Siirub. 
—Ceanothus Gloire de Versailles, Fig. 
32, page 19, is one of the neatest of 
dwarf shrubs in leaf and habit, and in 
addition bears in midsummer profuse 
panicles of bright blue flowers—one of 
the rarest shades of color among bloom¬ 
ing shrubs. It is a French hybrid of 
the Mexican C. azureus, and probably 
owes its superior hardiness to an infusion 
of C. Americanus, the New Jersey tea 
shrub, or Red-root, which grows in dry 
woodlands as far north as Canada. The 
Red-root has abundant creamy-white 
flowers in late Summer. They are quite 
showy, but very short lived. Gloire de 
Versailles has bloom spikes four or five 
inches long, terminating almost every 
branch of the new growth, coming out 
in succession for several weeks. Gloire 
des Plantieres is quite similar, and prob¬ 
ably of about the same parentage, but 
the flowers are lavender-blue, borne on 
long airy spikes at the ends of all the 
stronger branches. It is claimed to be 
hardier, and is more frequently planted 
in this country, but we note little dif¬ 
ference between the two varieties as re¬ 
gards frost resistance on the Rural 
Grounds. Both are cut to the snow line 
by zero weather if not protected by litter 
or boughs, but spring freely from the 
crowns and bloom as well as usual. They 
should be planted in sheltered positions, 
if possible, but owing to the small size 
usually attained by the shrubs, seldom 
over three feet high, protection is an 
easy matter. At any rate they should 
be well cut back in Spring, or the 
blooms will be scattering. There are 
many other hybrids with fine trusses of 
bloom, white, rose and purple, as well as 
blue, and with double and single flowers, 
but the plants are so tender that it is 
best to lift them in the Fall, store in cel¬ 
lar or frost-proof pits, and replant in 
Spring. The. foliage of all the varieties 
in good—dense and rich green in color. 
The genus Ceanothus includes nearly 40 
species of shrubs or small trees, 
and is especially abundant in the Pacific 
coast region. The dried leaves of the 
common eastern kind, C. Americanus, 
were formerly used as a substitute for 
tea, whence the popular name of New 
Jersey tea. Plants of this species are 
quite commonly offered by nurserymen 
as desirable for planting in shady places 
on pleasure grounds. The ornamental 
hybrids above described are especially 
suitable for protected lawns and door- 
yards, and should be more freely used 
in this country. They are now listed in 
but few American catalogues at prices 
ranging from 35 to 50 cents each. 
Crown Galls and Hairy Root.— These 
are indeed serious diseases, affecting the 
most important orchard trees and the 
choicest bramble fruits as well. Though 
long known, they were only regard¬ 
ed as of commercial importance as af¬ 
fecting nursery-grown fruit trees since 
the propagation of blackberry and rasp¬ 
berry plants has become general. Crown 
gall appears in two forms, compara¬ 
tively soft growths or swellings in the 
form of huge nodules almost surround¬ 
ing the collar or seated on the larger 
roots as they emerge from the base of 
the trunk, just below the soil in apple 
and peach trees, and more rarely in the 
pear, quince and plum, and harder, 
knotty growths on the roots of the apple 
and pear, accompanied by the emission 
of many small, wiry, black, fibrous roots. 
This latter form, when not accompanied 
by conspicuous swellings, is commonly 
termed hairy root. It has probably been 
the cause of more direct disappointment 
among amateur planters than any other 
disease. Trees affected with hairy root 
in its early stages are stunted, but do 
not appear unthrifty. They are too 
small for orchard planting at the usual 
ages, and the abundant fibrous roots, 
though black and harsh, look as if they 
would make transplanting easy, and in 
consequence trees of this character, 
thrown out by nurserymen as “culls,” 
have been extensively bought by mail¬ 
order dealers for their retail trade. 
Countless thousands have been sent over 
the country, only to languish and die, no 
matter how well planted and cared for. 
Growers and dealers alike, have until 
recently not been conscious of deception 
in the matter, as the connection of hairy 
root with Apple crown-gall has only re¬ 
cently been authoritatively ascertained. 
It was formerly supposed that hairy- 
rooted trees were only stunted because 
of local conditions, and though not 
promising for commercial planting, were 
fair subjects for amateurs and .others de¬ 
siring cheap trees, and willing to give 
them extra care. ’ It is now believed that 
trees infected with the organisms caus¬ 
ing the crown-galls of apple, peach and 
other fruits, practically never overcome 
the parasite, and cannot be depended on 
for profitable crop even if they survive 
to bearing age. It is thought that Peach 
crown-gall, found in its most virulent 
form in trees propagated where raspber¬ 
ries and other brambles have been pre¬ 
viously grown, is distinct from the gall 
infecting apples and other pomaceous 
fruits, and that stone fruits may be 
planted with a fair degree of safety as 
regards infection where pomes have been 
destroyed by the fungus. In other 
words, peaches may follow apples or vice 
versa where the previous fruit crop was 
affected with crown-gall or hairy root, 
but in no case should fruits of the same 
class be planted in succession until the 
soil has been cleared of germs by seven 
or eight years of clean cultivation, and 
in addition be freed for some time of all 
brambles, wild or cultivated. This is 
poor comfort, but not without value if 
verified by experience, as fresh areas of 
orchard or nursery land are in many 
localities difficult to obtain. 
Diseases of the Rose Family. —The 
crown-galls under consideration are es¬ 
sentially diseases of the Rose family, to 
which most of our northern cultivated 
fruits belong. They are indigenous in 
the wild brambles so abundant in all 
parts of the country, and to some extent 
the Apple gall or hairy root form may 
be found on the roots of wild roses. As 
orchard pests these maladies grew in im¬ 
portance with the increasing attention to 
berry culture that followed the late Civil 
War, and increased with the extension of 
culture and propagation of Rubus fruits. 
Trees set on newly cleared woodlands 
are rarely attacked, and orchards of 
healthy young trees planted in well-tilled 
fields show no great percentage of dis¬ 
ease, but when set in neglected pasture 
or brier-covered prairie the danger is 
much increased. The greatest source of 
infection, however, is the propagation 
of young trees on land used for rasp¬ 
berry or blackberry growing, and also 
the cultivation of these desirable berry 
fruits in young orchards. It has long 
been realized that there is antagonism 
between, for instance, the peach and the 
red raspberry, the trees almost always 
failing when in contact with the latter, 
but it remained for late investigations to 
disclose the really serious nature of the 
antipathy. It is absolutely useless to ex¬ 
pect good results if these fruits are 
planted together or in immediate suc¬ 
cession and the incompatibility extends 
in lessening degree to about all orchard 
fruits, the cherry being the least af¬ 
fected. 
of nutrition, and probably, like most 
parasitic organisms, secrete their own 
peculiar poison. One very common 
symptom when the course is slow is that 
of precocious fruition or anticipated ma¬ 
turity. The tree, being conscious in 
some way that its life is threatened, 
makes an early and at times astonish¬ 
ingly successful effort to produce a crop 
of fruits (seeds) and then rapidly de¬ 
clines or immediately perishes. This has 
been the course of too many gall-infect¬ 
ed orchards. The disease is now wide¬ 
spread, and only too common in nur¬ 
series. No efforts should be spared to 
reduce it, even if it cannot be stamped 
out. w. v. F. 
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A Good Spray Pump earns 
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THE ECLIPSE 
is a good pump. As 
practical fruit grow¬ 
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. sprayers in our own orchards 
| —found their defects and 
invented the Eclipse. Its 
success forced us to manu¬ 
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You take no chances. We 
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MORRILL & MORLEY, Benton Harbor, Mich. 
—SAN JOSE SCALE— 
and all kinds of parasites and insects that 
infest your trees, plants, or shrubs can be 
destroyed with a spiaying solution of 
Some Comments on 
HUBBARD’S 
FERTILIZERS 
‘‘I get 50% more potatoes by using Hubbard’s” 
“Best asparagus I ever raised was with Hub¬ 
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“$28.00 worth of Hubbard’s Fruit Fertilizer 
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“500 to 700 bushels of onions per acre with 
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“We are beginning to see the benefit of ‘Bone 
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“750 lbs. per acre of Hubbard’s Soluble Com 
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Send for Almanac and Prices 
THE ROGERS & HUBBARD GO. 
Fertilizer Manufacturers 
MIDDLETOWN, COINN. 
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Braes Ball Valves Cylinder.Plunger , 
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After trial if you keep it—pay when 
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rgs>Bca%gs, uiienper than 
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It will pay yon to spray yonr 
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EMPIRE KING. ORCHARD 
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FIELD FORCE PUMP CO.. No. 2 11th St.. Elmira, N. V. 
SPRAY 
E 1 
Stubborn Diseases To Treat. —If 
there is a cure for crown-gall it has not 
yet been successfully worked out. The 
only way to treat an obviously infected 
tree is to dig it out and burn it. Some 
success is reported in mild cases, such 
as scattered root knots and small hard 
galls, by cutting them out, going well 
into the sound wood, and painting the 
cut surfaces witli a saturated solution 
of copper sulphate or similar caustic dis¬ 
infectant. Care should be taken to keep 
knives, chisels or other tools used well 
sterilized, when going from tree to tree, 
by dipping in alcohol or strong carbolic 
acid solution, or the diseases may be 
spread rather than checked. As the dis¬ 
ease in its early stages is very insidious, 
concealed from sight by the soil and only 
manifest by weak growth, general un¬ 
thriftiness or premature fruition, it is 
evident little can be accomplished ex¬ 
cept in the way of prevention. Never 
plant a tree showing visible evidence of 
knots, galls or undue fibrous formations 
about crown, collar or roots. The 
chances are that it will be labor worse 
than wasted, as infection may he brought 
into an otherwise healthy soil. Don’t buy 
or plant trees that have been grown to 
succeed raspberry or blackberry crops, 
or that have been grown where wild 
brambles abounded. Keep your berry 
crops, except currants, gooseberries and 
possibly strawberries out of the or¬ 
chard and away from all fruit trees. 
Make war on all wild brambles in the 
vicinity, and if possible induce your 
neighbors to do the same., 
Cause of the Trouble. —The infec¬ 
tion in fruit trees is evidently caused by 
germs already in the soil, freed by de¬ 
cay of the galls on berry roots, grow¬ 
ing into cut or wounded surfaces of the 
tree roots. Thus it is not common on 
undisturbed tree seedlings, even in badly 
infected localities, but as nearly all fruit 
tree seedlings used for stock are trans¬ 
planted before they are grafted or 
budded, there is every opportunity to 
catch the disease. Once established in 
the host plant it runs its course, ac¬ 
cording to its kind, until destruction 
follow,s., The galls mpy be massive, soft 
and cancpr-like op |har,d, knotty and 
fibrous. XlH'y grpw.af the expense of the 
host 1 tree, producing' great 'derangement 
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properties. Contains no sulphur, salt, 
mineral oils or other poisonous substances 
that stunt the growth of plants. Endorsed 
by State Experiment Stations and by the 
U. S. Department of Agriculture 
You ought to know about it. Write today 
for free booklet, “A Pocket Manual of Plant 
Diseases,” showing cause and treatment. 
JAMES GOOD, 
Original Maker. 945N. Front St., PHILADELPHIA 
ICE PLOWS 
That will cut two rows at a 
time, runs smooth, draws 
with less draft than any 
"other, pays for itself in 
one day. Also ICE TOOLS. Write for prices. 
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Cider Machinery—Send for Catalogue to Boomer & 
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tooth ano 
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3 to 9 Frank St., Rochester, X. Y. 
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MAS MADE SPRAYING EASY YOUR "tREES ? LtCT 
The N.Y. Herald, November 17, ’07, says; 4 The chances are about a hundred 
to one that you have the San Jose Scale on your place and do not know it,” and 
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CO., Mfg. Chemists, 
{ORDER 1 
A 
\SARREL j 
i NO IV 
JB. G. PR AH'* CO., Mfc. Chemists, 
11 Broadway,; New York City. 
■W 
