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THE RUHAIv NEW-YORKER 
81 
NEW YORK STATE FRUIT GROWERS. 
Part II. 
Quite a general discussion on this subject 
followed, principally in regard to Bartlett 
and Kieffer pears. One man would cite an 
experience that would seem to show con¬ 
clusively that cross-pollination was neces¬ 
sary for both of these varieties, and imme¬ 
diately another would get up and report full 
crops from these varieties set by themselves 
and away from other pears. The fact that 
apple pollen will fertilize the pear spoiled 
some of the stories of the successful self- 
pollinated orchards. After all was said the 
consensus of opinion seemed to be that 
cross-pollination was advisable if not abso¬ 
lutely necessary. The presencegof bees and 
other insects in large numbers has a mate¬ 
rial influence in determining the necessity 
of mixed planting. Mr. Morrell uses Bart¬ 
lett to fertilize his ICieffers, and believes 
he gains considerable in quality as well as 
in quantity. lie says the Normand plum is 
necessary to the profitable fertilization of 
the Wild Goose plum. 
In reply to a question asking for the ex¬ 
perience of growers in consigning their fruit 
to the express companies one man reported 
better returns than from the commission 
man, but others related very different ex¬ 
periences. One found he lost much fruit in 
transit. Others thought the express com¬ 
panies had no regular seller but turned the 
fruit over to commission men at destination, 
and added their selling fee to that of the 
coni mission man. It seems to be a matter 
of finding a good commission man. 
In answer to a question as to the care 
of a young Bartlett orchard Mr. Wood said 
Bartletts need food as well as any other 
variety, and to prune as little as possible, 
cutting out only cross limbs and those that 
directly interfered with others. Then cut 
out blight as soon as it appeared. They 
should be sprayed more thoroughly than 
apples. Sod is no good for Bartletts, and 
cultivation is the only method to follow for 
Bartletts in Orleans County. Mr. Pease 
spreads limbs apart with sticks, and thus 
opens top and saves cutting many. Some 
thought too much cultivation and fertilizing 
would increase the blight. President Cor¬ 
nell advised checking growth as soon as 
blight appeared. Mr. Morrell knows a man 
who fertilizes very heavily with a fertilizer 
analyzing 2-8-10. and cultivates very freely, 
but he does not apply fertilizer until July, 
and uses no cover crops. lie applies 200 
Ions of Ibis fertilizer yearly, and told Mr. 
Morrell lie had a lot of barnyard manure he 
did not know what to do with. He is evi¬ 
dently afraid of nitrogen. To color up 
apples il was advised to leave on tree and 
give plenty of air and light. 
In answer as to the advisability of cut¬ 
ting back large apple trees Prof. Hedrick 
said thev would live, but he doubted if it 
was judicious. With improved spraying 
machinery the high tops are not as objec¬ 
tionable as they were a few years ago; the 
main objection now being in gathering the 
fruit. A safe rule to follow is not to take 
off limbs over two inches in diameter, and 
wounds should be painted over as soon as 
possible with white lead paint. Cut as 
dose to body or main limb as possible to 
hasten healing of wound. All large wounds 
should be fully protected from air, water 
and fungus diseases: otherwise they endan¬ 
ger the life of the whole tree. 
What Is the best stock on which to top- 
work Bose? Prof. Hedrick said Seckel, as 
it is thrifty and free from blight. President 
Cornell said he would not think of top¬ 
working so good a pear as Seckel over to 
anything, and thought the wood too hard 
nnd slow-growing to form a good union 
with Bose. He recommended liawrence as 
the best stock on which to top-work any 
variety. Mr. Morrell says, “Don’t try to 
grow on Kieffer.” In regard to phosphoric 
acid and potash giving fruit more color, 
Prof. Hedrick says it has no appreciable 
effect, but he has an idea that a cover 
crop helps. Answering a question on Sum¬ 
mer prrn ng, Prof. Beach said that a leaf 
before developed whs a sort of parasite, 
drawing on stored-up food; to check growth 
prune as soon as leaves are fully formed. 
Mr. Hitc’ ings does not prune for five years, 
and then trims gradually afterwards. A ques¬ 
tion as’-ing if there was anything better 
Hum Bismarck for early bearing and fillers 
brought terth considerable comment. Mr. 
Wood has 200 on Doucin stock and some 
mi standards. They are good bearers, and 
he thinks well of them for fillers. They 
are vet - '’ tart and good for cooking; do 
not refl”ire much pruning, and are near¬ 
est annual bearers of any. Prof. Hedrick 
said th<w sometimes bore in the nursery 
row, tend at the station grounds began to 
hear the second year after set, and have 
borne e’^r since. Wolf River is an early 
bearer bearing every other year; a good box 
fruit, ln-'ing good size and color, but it is 
a very deceiving apple. Wealthy Mals many 
friends, ;>nd seems to be the most popular 
filler. t'”of. Slingerland said Codling moth 
wintered mostly on trees, and he thought it 
unlikelv (bat any great number would hiber¬ 
nate in 'he grass unless there was wood 
or some!’ ing of the kind for them to fasten 
their coc on on. Roxbury Russet is thought 
more of ran it w*a's a few years ago, and is 
in dema 1 for some of the foreign trade. 
Dr. .Ti lan was called upon and made a 
few r«’ v ks on what they were doing at 
the Oer i Station, what they wanted to 
do. tend lat they wanted from the State, 
lie hou soon to get an appropriation to 
1 >,1 'I ( 1 auditorium for the meeting of 
any ag’ tural or horticultural association 
in the ! a that wishes to meet there. They 
also m more money to hold their best 
men, a ‘her Status 'are enticing them 
‘away v better offers. Prof. Craig then 
gave n . e talk on peaches. TTe said New 
York c<> show as good average results in 
peach < are as any Stteto in the Union. 
The p< urea has grown greatly in the 
past fc vears. and there is one man at 
least growing them in Minnesota by laying 
them down and protecting them in Winter. 
There has recently been a great development 
in peach growing in Maryland and West 
Virginia. In Georgia 20,000,000 trees were 
set in eight years, but those were reduced 
in three years to four or five million. The 
orchards that are managed first hand are 
the successful ones. From a peach census 
taken last year in Orange County, N. Y., 
it seems that thorough cultivation is more 
essential than either pruning or spraying. 
The most profitable life of the peach is 
from four to eight years. Commercial ferti¬ 
lizers give best results, and local markets 
averaged a higher price than the New York 
market. These results were obtained by 
averaging the returns from all classes of 
orchards from the well-cultivated, sprayed 
and pruned orchards down to the almost 
wholly neglected ones. The favorite va¬ 
rieties in Orange County are as follows in 
the order named : Elberta, the Crawfords, 
Stevens Rareripe, Iron Mountain, Chairs, 
Champion, Stump, Globe, Smock and Bray's 
Rareripe. With larger plantings come in¬ 
creased numbers of enemies, and continual 
watchfulness is always demauded of the 
successful peach grower. Yellows and “little 
peach” are worse enemies to the peach 
grower than San Jose scale. Compara¬ 
tively low lands give good results when 
near bodies of water large enough to tem¬ 
per the climate, but for interior regions 
the higher ‘altitudes ar the safest for the 
peach. Large areas are now being planted 
in the Southwest. 
Trof. A. McNeil, of Canada, spoke on 
“Cooperation in the Marketing of Apples." 
He said in Canada the conditions were 
against individual marketing as most of the 
orchards consisted of from three to five 
acres and 10 or 12 different varieties. When 
cooperative association were formed and 
they could offer in carload lots they got 
better prices. Some associations ship from 
100 to 200 cars a season. The cooperative 
idea has spread, though not as rapidly as 
lie thought results justified. From three as¬ 
sociations five years ago there are now 50 ; 
each association covering as much ground 
as they can handle to advantage. They 
handle apples mostly, though a few are 
handling other fruits, and the St. Cathe¬ 
rines Association is planning to grow small 
and tender fruits. The rapidly growing 
Northwest is the nucleus of a great market. 
He would like to see the tariff abolished 
and a perfectly free trade established be¬ 
tween the United States and Canada. New 
cooperative associations will do well to 
study the histories of other ‘associations. 
These associations to be successful must 
live up to the golden rule. The failure to 
follow this rule is the greatest cause of 
failure in these associations. The second 
difficulty is the apple buyer, and he said 
lie knew many instances where the buyers 
checked cooperative movements by buying 
off the leaders. Fruit passes through too 
many hands before reaching the consumer. 
In enforcing the “Fruit Marks Act” he 
traced a shipment of apples through six 
buyers before it reached the retailer. All 
these had to have a profit, and often a good 
profit. He thinks in time the buyer as he 
exists to-day will be a thing of the past. 
The educational system is inefficient and 
instead of keeping pace with the advance¬ 
ment in other directions* is practically the 
same as it was 30 years ago. He believes 
in a common-sense education, specially for 
those who work with their hands, and is 
sorry to 'admit that the Danes are ahead 
of us in this respect. Cooperation greatly 
reduces cost of handling, and saves in buy¬ 
ing supplies. Last season, by buying barrel 
stock early in large quantities, barrels cost 
them a little over 25 cents apiece, whereas 
later in the season barrels cost 45 cents. 
Spraying is also being done cooperatively, 
but this work, to obtain good results, should 
be in charge of the manager rather than 
jobbed out tes the manager is interested in 
the fruit produced as well as the owner. 
Cooperation is especially helpful to the 
sm'all grower. In regard to laws fdr con¬ 
trolling packing and grading he thought it 
would lie a grand thing for the industry but 
difficult to enforce unless national. 
Trof. Beach, formerly of the Geneva Ex¬ 
periment Station, but now of Iowa, spoke 
on “A Successful Organization and Its 
Lessons for Fruit Growers.” He said hor¬ 
ticultural advancement had been marked by 
well-defined periods. One period had fol¬ 
lowed another since the landing of the Pil¬ 
grims in 1620, he believes the next period 
is to be the period of cooperation. The 
Council Bluffs Association was organized in 
1803. Council Bluffs being a railroad cen¬ 
ter wtes used as a distributing center by 
outside growers. Carloads were broken up 
there and gluts and low prices threatened 
the local growers with ruin. Since the or¬ 
ganization of the Association prices have 
continually improved, and gluts are avoided 
by keeping in touch with the outside world 
and by good management. Not only have 
prices been improved, but a market is as¬ 
sured, and the business in the first 13 years 
increased 225 per cent. The business in 
1007 amounted to $120,000. Prof. Beach 
said the membership of this association was 
decidedly cosmopolitan, and if an associa¬ 
tion could be so successfully carried on un¬ 
der these conditions he saw no reason why 
they would not be equally successful in New 
York, where members would be practically 
of one nationality. There are quite a num¬ 
ber of just as successful associations in the 
West, and some l'arger. The Grand Junc¬ 
tion, Colorado, Association did $866,000 
worth of business last year. The golden 
rule and the right man for manager seems 
to be the key to successful cooperative 
marketing. 
Prof. Wilson gave a brief report on the 
results of experiments to control the black 
rot of grapes in 1007. The check rows 
averaged from 66 to 70 per cent commercial 
grapes; the sprayed from 78 to 05 per cent 
commercial. The average saved on well- 
sprayed grapes over those not sprayed 
showed a net gain above cost of spraying 
of $32.05 per acre. Bordeaux in different 
strengths was used, tend with and without 
a sticker: copper sulphate for first applica¬ 
tion followed with Bordeaux: lime-sulohur 
for first application followed with Bordeaux 
and iron sulphate throughout the season. 
The results do not vary greatly between the 
different mixtures, though the lime-sulphur 
and Bordeaux and the 6-6-50 Bordeteux gave 
the highest percentage of marketable grapes 
Bagging also gave larger percentage of com¬ 
mercial grapes than those given same treat¬ 
ment tend not bagged. Burning dingers also 
raised the marketable percentage. g. r. s. 
RA F»E S 
Every grower knows how the 
well-nourished vine responds to 
cultivation and care. 
POTASH 
is the plant-food that makes line, per¬ 
fect grapes of good shipping quality. 
Your fertilizer should contain at least io per 
cent, of Potash. 
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