172 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
February 29, 
KEEP THEM IN MIND. 
Do not forget that the following members 
of the New York Senate voted against Gov¬ 
ernor Hughes In his efforts to remove the 
Superintendent of Insurance. Let it be a 
part of your political duty to remember them 
and vote against them whenever you have 
the chance: 
JOTHAM P. ALLDS.Norwich, N. Y. 
ALBERT T. FANCHBR. .Salamanca, N. Y. 
S. P. FRANCHOT_Niagara Falls, N. Y. 
S. PERCY HOOKER.LeRoy, N. Y. 
JOHN RAINES .Canandaigua, N. Y. 
SANFORD W. SMITH.Chatham, N. Y. 
WM. J. TULLY.Corning, N. Y. 
HORACE WHITE .Syracuse, N. Y. 
BEN.T. M. WILCOX.Auburn, N. Y. 
JOSEPH ACKROYD .Utica, N. Y. 
FRANK M. BOYCE...East Scbodack, N. Y. 
N. Y. STATE FRUIT GROWERS. 
Poughkeepsie Meeting. 
Part I. 
The Mayor of Poughkeepsie gave the ad¬ 
dress of welcome and said he knew some 
farmers who had a money box in which all 
receipts were dumped and which was 
drawn upon whenever anything was needed 
for the household or farm. At the end of 
the year the balance in the box was the 
only indication of profits. One farmer re¬ 
ported he had 53 cents more in the box 
than last year. He made the point that 
farming would pay for a thorough system 
of bookkeeping and that many could be 
helped out of the old ruts by this and sim¬ 
ilar organizations. He said he had a 
chance last year to buy a farm but took 
other investments. This year the apple 
crop on this place paid for the farm. Dr. 
A. J. Palmer, of Milton, responded to the 
Mayor’s address and highly complimented 
the Hudson Valley fruit growers on their 
fruit growing knowledge and practices. 
President Cornell then gave a short ad¬ 
dress in which he urged the Hudson Valley 
members to attend the regular annual 
meeting and said he was much disap¬ 
pointed to see only three members from 
this section at Syracuse. He dwelt prin¬ 
cipally on the importance of uniform fruit 
packages and honest packing and said in 
spite of the laws to secure uniform and 
standard packages that all styles and sizes 
were being sent out of this territory. He 
urged the members to set an example by 
using full standard packages of uniform 
style, and then packing with perfect hon¬ 
esty. 
Prof. Hedrick said the improvement in 
our highest types of plants had been 
brought about principally by tillage and 
tillage had been recognized as necessary 
for 2,000 years or more. He asked why 
the apple should be singled out for differ¬ 
ent treatment to secure highest perfection. 
The true cost of caring for an orchard is 
not what it costs per acre, but what it 
costs to produce a barrel of apples. Asked 
if sweet cherries needed the thorough 
cultivation advised for apples, he said all 
the cherries he knew of in Western New 
York were cultivated, but if forced too 
much the sweet cherry was apt to make 
too sappy a growth and gumming was 
worse. Sour cherries need thorough cul¬ 
tivation. In answer to cover crop ques¬ 
tions he said do not sow so early that, the 
fruit crop will be robbed of water. Plow 
under as early in the Spring as possible 
to work the soil in good condition. On 
some soils a clover cover crop should not be 
used every year as too much nitrogen will 
be accumulated. At Geneva they sow clover 
every third year, using oats and barley 
between. Humus will not become deficient 
if cover crops are used annually. 
In a paper on “How to Promote Early 
Fruitage of Young Orchards,’’ Willis T. 
Mann, of Barkers. N. Y., described a young 
orchard of nine acres set by himself in 
1898. He believes this early bearing is 
important, as many are deterred from 
setting orchards on account of the long time 
generally required to get returns. He 
thinks dwarfs have a place in the fruit 
garden rather than in the orchard, but be¬ 
lieves in low headed trees, as they are 
more easily sprayed, pruned and harvested 
from. This nine acre orchard was set on 
a clay loam full of small stones and had 
many boulders cropping out above the sur¬ 
face. Many of these boulders have been 
removed. The surface drainage is good. 
Corn was grown the first three or four 
years, being careful not to plant too near 
the trees. Since then clean cultivation has 
been given and for the past three years the 
Cutaway, spring-tooth harrow and hoe have 
been the only implements used. By keeping 
accurate accounts he found the tillage cost 
him .$4.82 per acre. Medium two-year-old 
trees were set with tops starting about 
three feet from the ground. They were 
cut back some at setting and the top bud 
was left on the outside of the branch of all 
the branches. Very little pruning has been 
done aside from taking out cross branches 
and cutting off some of the ends of the 
lowest horizontal branches. ITe believes 
the secret of early bearing is to maintain 
the lower h rizontal branches. These trees 
have made a strong vigorous growth and 
now have a spread of from 15 to 20 feet 
and are from 15 to 20 feet high. In 1903 
five years from setting this orchard pro¬ 
duced $155 worth of fruit and has pro¬ 
duced to date 3.921 bushels, bringing in 
yearly returns as follows: In 1903, $155; 
1904, $25; 1905, $525; 190G, $575, and in 
1907, $2,135; $239 per acre from an or¬ 
chard of nine acres the ninth year from set¬ 
ting is a remarkable record. A large pro¬ 
portion of the fruit was borne on the lower 
horizontal branches. He believes top¬ 
working is a retarding factor instead of 
hastening early bearing as claimed by some. 
Ilis method of setting is to have permanent 
trees, semi-permanent and fillers. For per¬ 
manent trees he recommends R. I. Green¬ 
ing, Northern Spy, Spitzenburg, Baldwin and 
King. For semi-permanent, Ilubbardston, 
Maiden Blush and McIntosh. For fillers, 
Duchess, Wealthy and Wagener. R. I. 
Greening has proved the most profitable 
up to this time. These trees can be raised 
higher later if thought advisable by cutting 
off the lower limbs gradually. Courage is 
needed to remove the trees in time where 
close planting is practiced as permanently 
detrimental effects will follow if fillers 
are left a little longer than they should be. 
He does not use cover crops as he can’t 
plow them under and does not think the 
Cutaway would kill the clover in the 
Spring. He was asked how he could keep 
up humus and replied that he used a little 
stable manure and got considerable from 
the weeds that spring up in the Fall. 
Asked if a Cutaway would work to advan¬ 
tage on stony ground, he said yes, if the 
stones are round, but it will not do good 
work among fiat stones. 
“Insect Control in Its Larger Aspects,” 
by Dr. E. P. Felt of Albany, was the first 
paper of the evening session. He spoke 
of the advancement of our knowledge of in¬ 
sects and the relations that some insects 
held to some of our worst diseases. The 
mosquito has been successfully fought by 
destroying its breeding places. It has re¬ 
cently been discovered that a crocodile fly 
was the cause of the fatal sleeping disease 
of Africa and he said while it was prob¬ 
ably impossible to conquer this fly by fight¬ 
ing it directly, it would not be such a diffi¬ 
cult matter to exterminate the crocodile and 
in this way destroy the insect. lie be¬ 
lieves the Cotton boll-weevil will in the long 
run prove a blessing to the South, as it is 
forcing them to adopt better and improved 
methods of agriculture. Many insects can 
be controlled by cultural methods, and the 
birds are very important factors and should 
be encouraged 1 and protected. Parasites 
are a great help and some insects are 
effectually held in check by them. He told 
of the efforts to establish the lady-bug that 
feeds on the San Jos<5 scale, but none of 
the attempts were successful in the East. 
“Scale Problems,” by Prof. Parrott, was 
the concluding paper of the evening and was 
taken as much as a matter of fact as a 
paper on the Codling moth or Potato bug, 
whereas a few years ago the same subject 
held the fruit growers under a tension that 
was plainly evident. He said scale was 
not feared as much as formerly and in fact 
not as much as some other troubles. The 
peach grower fears yellows much more than 
the scale. The scale has been a blessing 
in disguise in one way, as it has taught 
thorough spraying. He cautioned growers 
not to let up on the scale, but fight con¬ 
tinually. The proprietary oil and lime-sul¬ 
phur mixtures are proving valuable under 
some conditions. Where the size of the or¬ 
chard does not warrant the expense of a 
boiling plant these mixtures are practical 
and easily prepared and for small places 
are no more expensive than the homemade 
mixtures would be made in a small way. 
_ G. R. s. 
Commercial Canning at Home.—W e 
would like the experience of your readers 
who have used the small canning outfits on 
a cook or other stove, what is the necessary 
equipment, cost of same, cost of cans? 
How many hands are required to run to 
full capacity? How many cans per day, 
and first, last and all the time, does it pay, 
where fruits and vegetables are grown at 
home for which when fresh, there is but 
light demand, but a brisk market for 
canned goods? Do you find it best to 
sweeten the fruit, and how much? 
Texas. m, b. p. 
A Plaster House. —I saw an inquiry 
on page 42 in regard to a plaster-covered 
house. I do not know of the house built 
by O. S. Fowler, but I am living in a 
plaster-covered house. The plaster was put 
on 57 years ago, and is now in fair con¬ 
dition. The plaster is made the same as 
for inside work and is given a coating of 
plaster of Paris, which gives a white 
finish and turns rain, keeping the plaster 
from becoming soft. The house is very 
warm. It is a much cheaper covering than 
lumber. The house was vacant for 20 
years, and the plaster of Taris was allowed 
to wear off, causing the plaster to crumble 
in spots; $10 would put it in good repair 
Patterson, N. Y. b. b. 
Vastly more of them and vastly 
better quality will be obtained by 
^ the use of a fertilizer which contains 10% actual 
POTASH 
Pure Food laws are greatly increasing the use of 
hops. The richest hops will command a much better 
price. Potash will double both quantity and quality. 
All of this and much more is fully explained in the ‘ 1 Farmer y 
Guide” which we shall be glad to send you free. It is brimful of 
money-making information. Get it right away. It is mighty 
interesting reading. Address 
GERMAN KALI WORKS. 93 Nassau Street, New York 
Chicago—Monadnock Building Atlanta, Ga.—1224 Candler Building 
Do You Need Paint? 
L ET me send you my paint book. It 
tells you all you want to know about 
■ paint, and painting. The best paint 
j is the cheapest paint. I make the best 
I paint. 
INGERSOLL’S PAINT 
has been made for 66 years, and officially 
endorsed by the Grange. 
Save Half Your Paint Bills 
One half the price you pay dealers for 
other paints represents the factory cost of 
the paint. The other half is required for 
middlemen’s profits and expense. Our 
paint is shipped fresh from the factory 
direct to you, and we 
Pay the Freight. 
You pay simply the factory price. Don’t 
buy cheap paints of dealers and supply 
houses. Don’t pay drummers’ salary and 
hotel bills and middlemen’s profits. Then- 
cheap paints cost you as much as our best 
mixed paints. Our low prices will surprise 
you. Let me send you my paint book and 
color sample cards. They cost you noth¬ 
ing and will save you money. 
o. w. INGERSOLL, 
346 Plymouth Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
The Pipe That Every Smoker Can Enjoy 
that never bites—that smokes cool and sweet 
—and free from offensive odors—(he scientific 
pipe. The man who says he cannot smoke a 
pipe CAN smoke (his one—ami with keenest 
pleasure. It has £wo bowls. The outer one 
of tough annealed glass,the inner one q[ sweet 
meerschaum. The smoke is drawn through 
the vents of the inner bowl into the non- 
absorbent glass outer bowl,where the nicotine 
and other impurities are separated from it. 
No rankness can reach the mouth. The 
last whiff is as sweet as the first. Easily 
cleaned and can never grow 
strong. Smoke it for a week at 
^ our risk. Money refunded if you 
Tv' ftre not satis- 
fled. In order- 
Genasco 
ReadyRoofing 
Ten thousand 
miles of Genasco 
(32 inches wide) 
were used in 1907 
—more than any 
other ready roofing. 
There must be good 
reasons. 
Ask any wideawake dealer for 
Genasco Ready Roofing. Don’t 
take a substitute. Write for Book 
10 and samples. 
THE BARBER ASPHALT 
PAVING COMPANY 
Largest producers of asphalt,and largest manu¬ 
facturers of ready roofing in the world. 
PHILADELPHIA 
New York San Francisco Chicago 
RUNNING WATER Means Less Work 
Running water on the farm saves labor by 
doing away with hand pumping, and gives 
city conveniences in the home. If there’s 
a stream on your land install a 
Niagara Hydraulic Ram 
and have all the comforts possible. No 
for power,coal,steam,oil or labor. Works 
and night. Write for catalog A-G and 
mate. NIAGARA HYDRAULIC ENGINE CO. 
140 Nassau Street, New York. Factory: Chester, Fa* 
FARM SEEDS 
Medium, Mammoth, Alsike. Alfalfa, Clovers, clean 
and true to name. Timothy, etc., of extra quality. 
Direct to farmers. Price list. Write. 
0. C. SHEPARD CO., 37 J Street, Medina, Ohio. 
Nitrate of Soda 
NITRATE SOLD IN 
ORIGINAL BAGS 
PATENT ™ T INVENT! 
Our three books, giving full informa¬ 
tion in patent matters and containing 
many valuable suggestions to inventors, 
mailed free. Write for them. 
Patent obtained or fee returned. 
No charge for opinion as to patent¬ 
ability; send sketch or model. Patents 
advertised for sale free. 
WOODWARD & CHANDLEE, Attorneys 
1252 F Street, Washington, D. C. 
The Nitrate Agencies 
Company 
64 Stone Street, New York 
Orders for All Quantities Promptly 
Filled-Write for Quotations 
REINFORCED CONCRETE FARM BUILDING $-Comf ortable, sanitary, fire-resisting, per- 
, , , , .... „ . manent. First cost reasonable. Dairy 
barn and silo plans and building. Write mo your wants. It. C. ANGEV1NE, Coldwater, Mich. 
is the name of the most accurate and dur- 
;y~-» ^/-x.able Hand Seed Sower on the mar- 
rr 1 —WTm . ii' Sows 4 to 5 acres per hour. 
Write for new booklet,* ‘Sowing 
r [If for Results” and50thanniver- 
L/ I' lrtk, sary souvenir. 
.GOODEIL COMPANY 
Tils’ 14 Main St, ' -- 
Antrim, N. H, 
Homeseekers, 
Come to Tennessee ern markets just as ex¬ 
treme southern-grown 
produce is exhaused, and reaches northern markets several 
weeks earlier than northern-grown stuff, thus commanding 
very best prices both north and south. From $100 to $400 per 
acre cleared from Cantaloupe, Cabbage and Tomato crops in 
Tennessee in 1907; notwithstanding, this land is selling for 
from $5 to $20 an acre. Excellent climate: pure water. For 
descriptive literature address II.F.Hmith, Traffic Mgr., Dept. 
C, Nashville, ( hattanooga ic St. Louis liy., Nashville, Tenn. 
