1908. 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
181 
PUREBRED LIVE STOCK. 
Part I. 
In this paper it is not intended to bring 
forward arguments in favor of purebred 
stock, for its value is now acknowledged 
in all quarters, but to discuss some mat¬ 
ters relating to the registry and sale of 
such purebred stock. By purebred live 
stock I mean that bred along a special 
line, for several or many generations, 
to intensify certain characteristics, so 
that the male will, when bred to common 
females, stamp these characteristics upon 
his progeny. 
Of course the purebred females are 
of use other than as breeders, especially 
dairy cows, ewes and mares, but still the 
fact remains that purebred stock exists 
primarily for the improvement coming 
to the common herds and flocks through 
the use of the purebred male. The total 
number of purebreds of all kinds of 
stock does not exceed one per cent of 
the total number in the country. The 
U. S. Department of Agriculture reports 
that 1J4 per cent of horses and beef 
cattle are purebreds and V/ 2 per cent of 
dairy cattle and only one-half of one 
per cent of the sheep and hogs. These 
figures are based on the figures given 
by the secretaries, of the different herd 
books as to the number of living speci¬ 
mens of each breed, but after quite a 
careful study of such statistics I am sure 
that the actual number alive of most of 
the breeds is overestimated, so that the 
estimates given above are too high rather 
than too low. 
If any argument was necessary in this 
day to prove the value of the purebred 
sire, the range steers and horses of to¬ 
day will prove it, as will the records of 
milk and fat production from dairy cows 
and the slaughter tests of steers. When 
the farmer goes to purchase a purebred 
sire he has a right to expect that the 
animal is registered in some recognized 
registry association and that he will be 
transferred to buyer on books of such 
association; that the association issuing 
such registry and transfer papers is so 
conducted that he can feel reasonably se¬ 
cure that the pedigree is correct; that the 
association is endeavoring in different 
ways to improve the breed by adopting 
high standards of excellence and keeping 
some records of production, or results 
obtained by the breed. Records of trot¬ 
ting and running horses are published 
and such records used as a basis of 
breeding operations for speed. The dif¬ 
ferent associations registering dairy cat¬ 
tle publish official records of milk and 
fat production, and sooner or later more 
attention will be given to keeping records 
of beef, mutton, pork and wool produc¬ 
tion of different families of the different 
breeds. Chicken breeders find it pays to 
keep records of and advertise the egg 
records of certain strains of fowls. 
The buyer has a right to know some¬ 
thing beside the fact that his animal is 
registered, and knowing these other 
things he can expect good results from 
his use. In the American haste to be¬ 
come rich regardless of the method some 
registry associations have been formed 
and stock recorded that on account of 
short pedigrees are scarcely entitled to 
be called purebreds, and as the results 
obtained from the use of the males of 
these breeds have been very disappoint¬ 
ing, it is to be hoped that such methods 
will be discouraged. The chief object in 
the preparation of this article was to call 
attention to the requirements of some of 
the associations, and to suggest improve¬ 
ment on the methods that usually pre¬ 
vail. Many of the associations require 
nothing except that the sire and dam 
must appear as owned by person offering 
animal for registry, and ask that an ap- 
required, but in addition some system 
of sketching or tagging that will serve 
to identify the animal as long as it lives. 
When such application comes into the 
office the secretary ought to have a card 
that will show when a calf was last reg¬ 
istered from this dam, and any other in¬ 
formation about this dam that he knows. 
Some of the associations furnish metal 
tags with number corresponding to the 
registry number, and rules require owner 
to put this in animal’s ear. This is 
much better than nothing, but so many 
of these become lost, to say nothing of 
the dishonest changing of them, that 
some better system ought to be adopted. 
As one of the officials of the American 
Guernsey Cattle Club I have become 
quite familiar with the workings of our 
office, and will use some facts about our 
work that will serve as an illustration of 
all. We require not only the usual facts 
as to breeding, age, ownership and so 
forth, but also a sketch of the white 
marking of the animal, on a blank fur¬ 
nished by the club. This aids greatly 
in the future identity of the animal, for 
this sketch is part of the application 
and remains on file at the office. I re¬ 
alize in many of the breeds of solid 
colored animals this would be of no 
avail, but the results will show what I 
wish to bring out. Once in a great 
while these sketches came handy in help- 
ing to identify the herd, when the 
owner had died, or when some dispute 
arose, but little did we realize what the 
results would be when in 1904 we voted 
to require a sketch with each transfer 
application also. At once it became ap¬ 
parent that some breeders were so care¬ 
less with their registry matters that they 
had mixed up their animals till in some 
herds they scarcely knew one from the 
other. These instances of being mixed 
that way were few, but many breeders, 
even careful ones, had mixed some of 
their cattle, and this in a breed that on 
account of its white markings could be 
easily distinguished. Of course we only 
discovered the errors in the animals that 
were sold, and for which application for 
transfer was made. We also started an 
advanced registry for animals that had 
equaled or exceeded a certain require¬ 
ment for yearly butter fat productions, 
and we also required a sketch with the 
application for advanced registry, which 
brought to light other errors. These er¬ 
rors all from men who supposed their 
cattle were straight. I have no reason, 
to think the Guernsey breeder is any 
more careless in his business methods 
than the breeders of other breeds of 
live stock, and with the great similarity 
between animals in the solid colored 
breeds I feel sure that an even greater 
proportion are not what they purport 
to be. CHARLES L. HILL. 
QUESTIONS IN PIG FEEDING. 
1. What is the value of 100 pounds of 
potatoes (potatoes to be cooked) compared 
with mill feed, wheat shorts at $1.25 per 
100 pounds and cornmeal at $1 per 100 
pounds? Potatoes to be fed in connection 
with other grain to growing pigs. 2. Can 
cotton-seed meal be fed to growing pigs? 
If so, how much to each 100 pounds of 
pork? e. d. b. 
New York. 
1. A fair statement would be to say 
that when cornmeal is worth $1 per 100 
pounds boiled potatoes are worth 25 
cents. 2. We would not feed cotton- j 
seed meal to pigs. In Texas the fer¬ 
mented meal has given fair results, but 
we should keep this meal away from 
pigs or horses. 
“Do you think the motor car tends to 
the extinction of the horse?” “Cer¬ 
tainly, if the horse gets in front of it.”— 
The Australasian. 
plication be filled, giving name, date of 
birth, owner at birth, sire and dam, and 
in addition possibly a certificate from 
owner of sire, showing service of female 
by his sire, if person offering application 
is not owner of sire. All this should be 
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