1 DOS 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
2XS 
ICE FOR COOLING MILK. 
IIow much ice will it take to cool 4,500 
pounds of milk from a temperature of 100 
down to 40 degrees? IIow much ice would 
it take per month, getting the average for 
the entire year, to carry a cold storage 
room at a temperature of 45 degrees? This 
room is 20 feet square and is thoroughly 
insulated. The main door of this room is 
opened from 15 to 20 times per day and 
carries about 5.000 pounds of milk and 
cream, which enters the room at a tempera¬ 
ture of 40 degrees. investigator. 
The refrigerating capacity of a pound 
of ice at 32 degrees changed to water 
at 32 degrees is 142 British thermal 
units (B. T. U.) If 4,500 pounds of 
milk are to be cooled from 100 to 40 
degrees, which is lowering the tem¬ 
perature 60 degrees, the number of 
thermal units of refrigeration required 
will lie between 60 X 4500 = 270000, 
and 60 X 4500 X -9 = 243000, according 
as the amount of solids vary in milk 
from normal to zero. It is customary 
to take the specific heat of milk at . 9 , 
that of water being l. The refrigerat¬ 
ing power of a pound of ice, supposing 
absolutely no loss, would be 142 heat 
units plus 8, the difference between 32 
and 40 degrees named by Investigator, 
or 150 refrigerating units. The above 
numbers divided by 150 give 1800 and 
1620 as tlie number of pounds of ice 
required to cool 4500 pounds of milk 
from 100 down to 40 degrees. There 
are so many factors which influence the 
loss of heat from refrigerating rooms 
that only the roughest approximations in 
the line of calculations of the amounts 
of ice required to maintain a specified 
temperature are possible. Such rough 
approximations arc made, but very wide 
margins must be allowed. For storage 
rooms having a capacity of 1000 up to 
say 40,000 cubic feet, it is customary to 
allow 50 to 100 British thermal units 
per cubic foot per 24 hours. This would 
mean the consumption of from 1,000 to 
2,000 pounds of ice, stated in round 
numbers. These figures may be taken 
as representing average Summer tem¬ 
perature surroundings and based on a 
cubical contents of storeroom equal to 
3,200 cubic feet, taking the height of the 
room named at eight feet. 
_F. H. KING. 
GROWING FODDER ON OLD SOD. 
I have a field of from 12 to 15 acres 
which I want to get into good grass as 
soon as possible. I have four cows and 
horse to feed, and yet my hay supply is 
already running out. Igist season was my 
first here. It seems as if that amount of 
land should produce more than enough 
hay to feed my stock. Part of land (say 
two acres), is good bottom land, remainder 
more upland, and the upper part is quite 
light and sandy. The subsoil is mostly 
clay. There is a mixture on it now of 
mostly 1 imothy. Red-top and June grass, 
etc. Would it he well to get a good deal 
of clover seeded, especially on the meadow 
strip? if i sow oats and peas on part 
of it, what proportion shall I use, and do 
I sow them together or at different times? 
If you can tell me how I can get this field 
into good heavy grass to he used for above 
stock principally it will he a great help to 
me. I retail milk in the village, and of 
course I want the bulk of hay to he of use 
to the cows. Would it he wise to try a 
small strip of the meadow land in Alfalfa? 
Andover, N. II. p. s. ji. 
1 f you have only one horse to work 
with and your plan is to get fodder 
enough to feed the stock without great 
cost we should plan about as follows: 
Leave the best of the grass and give it 
a fair dressing of some good fertilizer 
high in nitrogen. Put in what you can 
readily handle to oats and peas. Manure 
the ground you intend to plant and 
sow v/ 2 bushels of Canada peas on top 
of the ground. Plow them under with 
a light plow. Then sow on the rough 
furrows three bushels of oats. Before 
you sow soak the oats in formalin and 
water. Take a pint of formalin in 16 
gallons of water. Spread the oats on a 
tight floor and sprinkle the liquid over 
them until they are wet. Then shovel 
into a pile and cover with a blanket two 
hours. Then spread out and dry. This 
will destroy the germs of smut and give 
you better oats. Cover the seed with 
a light harrow. We should seed with 
the oats six quarts of Red clover seed 
per acre. In a few cases we have had 
a good clover seeding in this way, but 
it is not .sure. We would then plow up 
more of the old sod, using some manure 
and, at the proper time, sow corn quite 
thickly in drills 3 l / 2 feet apart. Use a 
local corn that gives a good stalk and 
give it good culture. Fodder corn well 
cured will give you more forage than 
you can cut from the old sod. At the 
last cultivation of part of this corn we 
would seed rye between the drills at the 
rate of five pecks per acre—covering 
the seed with the cultivator. This will 
give you early, green forage the next 
year. \\ e would cut the corn fodder on 
the other part early. Get it off and then 
plow the ground and fit it for seeding, 
using manure or fertilizer. Sow at the 
rate of 12 quarts of Timothy and eight 
of Red-top per acre, if possible, just 
before a shower, and have the soil as 
fine as possible. If, after the oats and 
peas are cut the clover is starting, let 
it alone to grow. If the clover has been 
killed out plow and fit the land and 
sow grass seed as above. If you had 
teams and tools to do it with you could 
plow up all the grass land after mowing, 
fit it by thorough working and seed all 
to grass. With only one horse this will 
not be possible. Do not try to plow up 
in one season more than you can work 
well. By following this plan you will 
increase your crop of fodder and grad¬ 
ually get your meadows reseeded. As 
for Alfalfa, we would begin by trying 
a small patch. The chances for suc¬ 
cess with it in New England are not 
very brilliant . _ 
Botanical Specimens.— I was much In¬ 
terested In (lie “Monstrous Asparagus 
Stalk - ’ on page 70. I have made a botani¬ 
cal specialty of collecting freaks such as 
twin flowers, bifurcated leaf tips, etc. I 
have a “fasciated” orange stem having all 
of the leaves changed to thorns, and In 
the 10 years I spent in Florida saw but 
one other. I have in my herbarium an ox- 
eye daisy (Rudbeckia hirta) that grew flat 
stemmed. The flowers had a black center 
1% Inch long and curved lengthwise. In 
each of these cases the growth has been un¬ 
doubtedly due to excessive moisture. Now 
for a shock to this theory. I have alslo 
collected about 30 twin white daisies and all 
of them without exception have been found 
in the driest places imaginable, at least 
three-quarters of them on the dry sides of 
railroad embankments. We know how the 
common dandelion is inclined that way. es¬ 
pecially in the gutters of country village 
streets, but it has both excess of moisture 
and fertility. Water sprouts on orange 
trees I often noticed to have a tendency to 
revert to the trifoliate form of some ar¬ 
boreal ancestor. george s. graves. 
New York. 
C. M. MOSEMAN 6 BRO. 
128 Chambers St., New York. 
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CREAM, 
If you are selling your whole milk to 
the Creamery you are not getting as 
much profit from your cows as you should. 
In fact you are losing 50 per cent. With¬ 
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milking another cow you can double your 
cream profits. This is demonstrated by 
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day in the year. 
The Sharpies 
Tubular Separator 
gets all the cream in the milk—it skims out every 
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Here’s one letter that tells the story of how to 
double your cream profits : 
Union Mills, Ind. 
Gentlemen:— We have a Sharpies “'ubular. 
Before we bought it, we had been selling our 
milk to a creamery at Union Mills, getting not 
more than S8.00 a month, but since we have 
the Tubular, we have been getting twice 
more, and are so satisfied with the Tubular. 
Mrs. John C. Miller 
Such proof as this ought to convince you that 
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