THE RYJRA.I> NEW-YORKER 
237 
1908. 
N. Y. STATE FRUIT GROWERS. 
Poughkeepsie Meeting. 
Part II. 
“The Culture of Small Fruits,” by O. M. 
Tavlor, of the Geneva Station, was the first 
paper of Friday's session. He said he would 
confine his talk to principles rather than 
any explicit instructions, as methods fol¬ 
lowed on one soil or location could not be 
successfully followed on another. He said 
that small fruit culture was Intensive farm¬ 
ing with more exacting conditions than gen¬ 
eral farming.. The man is the most im¬ 
portant factor to success. Methods and 
varieties should be made to fit locations. 
A plant to do its best must be adapted to 
its environment. The fertilizers needed 
should be determined by experiments as to 
the needs of the soil and in these experiments 
a check plot is most important. Ilumus 
must not be exhausted. To sum up in a 
few words, a plant to do its best must 
have a congenial home in the soil with 
plenty to eat and drink. Drainage is Im¬ 
portant in the growing of small fruits 
as none of them will stand wet feet. Grow 
varieties that will give you best returns from 
your soil and market. Do not grow a 
fancy berry for a market that will pay 
only ordinary prices, and as much for a 
medium and more productive variety. Test 
new varieties in a small way and find out 
jf they will do under your conditions be¬ 
fore setting on an extensive scale. He 
then gave a brief history of some cross¬ 
bred seedling strawberries and red rasp¬ 
berries that have been grown by the Geneva 
Station, and which have been weeded down 
to several very promising varieties that have 
proven hardy and very productive on the 
Station grounds. 
Resolutions were carried thanking the 
trustees of Vassar Institute for the use of 
the building and for the steps now being 
taken in finishing the basement so it may 
be used for the fruit and machinery ex¬ 
hibits at future meetings. Thanking W. 
W. Smith, Lucky, Platt & Co., and H. N. 
Bain for making it possible to offer such 
good premiums on fruit at the meeting. 
Thanking the judges on fruit for their care¬ 
ful work in making awards and the press 
and others for helping to make the meeting 
a success. Also resolved that the next 
meeting be held on February 11 and 12, 
1909. The committee on fruit exhibit re¬ 
ported that the showing of fruit was very 
creditable and of good quality and particu¬ 
larly mentioned the educational value of 
the Geneva exhibit. 
The prizes awarded on largest and best 
collection went as follows: First, W. S. 
Teator; second, C. II. Duell; third, Town¬ 
send Cole. For the best 10 varieties for 
commercial purposes, w. S. Teator won 
first; ,T. R. Clark, second and IT. D. Lewis 
third. Townsend Cole won first prize for 
best bushel box, II. D. Lewis second, and 
C. II. Duell third. There was a large 
number of single plates shown of general 
fine quality and many exhibitors shared 
in the awards. 
Prof. M. B. Waite, pathologist of the IT. S. 
Department of Agriculture, read a paper on 
“Peach Diseases and Pear Blight,” from 
which the following extracts are taken: 
The cause of yellows is yet unknown and 
though they have been unable to find any 
parasite, it acts like a contagious parasitic 
disease. Some of the symptoms are the 
premature coloring of the leaves, the large 
size and premature ripening of the fruit, 
the red spotting of the fruit with a corre¬ 
sponding reddening of the flesh, especially 
In some varieties, and by busby growths 
caused by an unnatural shooting of the buds. 
Yellows kills the tree in four or five years. 
Little peach resembles yellows in foliage 
symptoms, but other symptoms are different 
as instead of the fruit growing to extra 
size it dries and shrivels up. This dis¬ 
ease is quicker than yellows and spreads 
more rapidly. Rosette is uistinguished by 
bushy growths and by large rosettes of 
leaves. It is very rapid in progress. Yel¬ 
lows and little peach are both found on 
Japanese plums. He believes both yellows 
and rosette are native American diseases, 
but suspects little peach was brought here 
on the Japanese plums. Yellows is readily 
transmitted to healthy trees and therefore 
the importance of removing as soon as 
found and finding as soon as possible. 
He does not believe there is as much trans¬ 
mission through infected nursery stock as 
some have claimed, as nurserymen take their 
propagating wood from the strongest trees 
as a rule, and pits from infected trees will 
not grow, but pits from trees in which the 
yellows are under the period of incubation 
might grow and these might carry the dis¬ 
ease. Replanting in vacancies made by the 
yellows is safe and generally practiced by 
the best growers. The serious outbreaks 
that occasionally sweep over the country 
he believes are due to a human factor, as 
thy appear about a generation apart, when 
the old men have partly forgotten the re¬ 
sult of the last one and the young men 
have yet to learn its serious results. For 
eradicating three inspections should be 
made yearly, the first in the latter part of 
July or the first of August, another about 
a month later and the third the last of 
September or first of October. One of the 
best times to discover is when the crop is 
ripening and fruit symptoms may be dis¬ 
covered. Of course this occurs at different 
times for different varieties. The owner 
is the best inspector, as he knows the nor¬ 
mal appearance of the trees better than a 
stranger, but it takes an expert to discover 
it in its early stages. Don’t leave doubtful 
trees. While it is best to remove trees, 
if trees are dug out and left where they are 
the disease will be checked, as ability to in¬ 
fect ceases with the death of the tree. Take 
good care of orchards and be ever vigilant 
to remove new cases of disease. The Pear 
blight germ is very delicate and can only 
work under the most favorable conditions. 
It is quickly killed by exposure to the direct 
rays of the sun and infection is greatly 
influenced by 'weather conditions. Insect 
visitors carry infection through the blos¬ 
soms and infection also takes place through 
breaks and cuts in the bark. Spreading 
open heads seem less susceptible. Cut out 
six inches below the slightest trace of 
blight in the Fall. Summer cutting out is 
also important. When an outbreak appears 
reduce cultivation and prune but little. 
Stopping growth checks spread of disease, 
as in vigorously growing trees the turgid- 
Ity of the sap forces the disease faster and 
further. Apple blight is the same disease, 
but as the apple is more resistant it is gen¬ 
erally confined to the smaller branches. 
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