64 BIS 
Rhom : thirty-two miles north of Wurzburg, and fixteen 
north-north-well of Schv/einfurt. 
BIS'CHOFSHEIM, a town of Germany, in the circle 
of the Upper Rhine, and county of Hanau-Munzeuburg': 
fix miles eaft-north-eaft of Francfort on the Maine, and 
tliree weft-north-weft of Hanau. 
BIS'CHOFSTEIN, or Bistein, a town of Prijffia, in 
the county of Ermeland : forty-two miles S. Kdnigfberg. 
BISCHOFSWER'DA, a town of Germany, in the 
circle of Upper Saxony, and margraviate ot Meilfen, fitu¬ 
ated on an ifland in the river Wefenitz j its principal com¬ 
merce is in white thread ; it has two churches : twenty 
miles eaft of Dreiden, and twenty-eight eaft of MeifTen. 
BISCHOFSWER'DER, a town of Pruflia, in the pro¬ 
vince of Oberland : eighty miles fouth-fouth-weft ot Ko- 
nigtberg. 
BIS'CHOFZELL, a town of Swiflerland, in the Tur- 
gaw, withacaftle; fituated at the conflux ot the Sitter 
and Thur : eleven miles fouth of Conftance. 
BIS'CHOP, or Biskop, (John de), a celebrated artift, 
born at the Hague in 1646. He is fpoken of with great 
commendation as a painter, and his drawings from the 
great matters are held in the higheft eftimation by the cu¬ 
rious. Iiy thefe he had lucceeded fio happily, as to pre- 
fierve with the greateft exadtnefs the ftyle of the painter 
vvhofe pidtures he copied. But as an engraver he is mod 
generally known; and his works are numerous. They 
are chiefly etchings, harmonized with the graver ; and, 
though flight, yet free, ipirited, and pleating. He 
gives a richnefs to the colour, and a roundnefs to the 
figures, far beyond what is ufually done with the point, 
fio little aflifted by the graver. He worked chiefly at Am- 
Iterdam, where he dic'd in 1686, aged forty years. 
BIS'CHOP (Cornelius), portrait and hiftory painter, 
born at Antwerp in 1630, and the difciple of Ferdinand 
Bol. His tint of colouring, and his ftyle and manner, had 
a flrong refemblance of his mafter ; and by many compe¬ 
tent judges he is efteemed not inferior to him in hiftorical 
ftibjedls as well as in portrait. A painting by this mafter, 
confiding of figures by candle light, was fo much admired 
by Louis XIV. that he purchafed it at a high price ; and 
the king of Denmark admitted his works among thofe of 
the belt mailers. He died in 1674. 
BIS'CHOP (Abraham), fon of Cornelius Bifchop, was 
famous for painting fowls, particularly thofe of the do- 
raeftic kind. He deligned every object after nature, and 
ufually painted in a large (ize, fuch as ornamental furni¬ 
ture for grand halls ; and every fipecies of fowls was fo 
exactly like nature in its attitude, character, and plumage, 
that his works were beheld with univerfal admiration. 
BISCHRO'MA, /. In nnific, the fame as our triple 
quaver. See Chroma. 
BISCHWEI'LER, a town of France, in the depart¬ 
ment of the Lower Rhine, and chief place of a canton, 
in the diftrift of Haguenau; fituated on the Motte, near 
the Rhine, and defended by a caftle, flanked with towers 
and defended by ditches : four miles fiouth-eaftof Hague¬ 
nau, and ten north of Stralburg. 
BISCOPSVA'ARE, a town of Norway: forty-eight 
mile's eaft of Bergen. 
BIS'COTIN,/. [Fr.] A confedlion made of flour, fu¬ 
gar, marmalade, eggs, Set. 
BIS'CUlT,y; [from bis, twice, Lat. and cuit, baked, 
Fr. ] A kind of hard dry bread, made to be carried to fea: 
it is baked for long voyages four times.—Many have been 
cured of dropfies by abftinence from drinks, eating dry 
bifeuit, which creates no thirft, and flrong friftions four or 
five times a-day. Arbuthnot. —There are divers other forts 
of bificuits, prepared by confectioners, of fine flour, eggs, 
and fugar, and rofe or orange water; or of flour, eggs, 
and fugar, with anifeeds and citron-peel, baked again and 
again in the oven, in tin or paper moulds. 
To preferve fea-bifeuit from infeCls, Mr. Hales advifes 
.to make the fumes of burning brimftone pafs through the 
calks full of bread. It may likewife be preferved a long 
B I S 
time, by keeping it in calks well calked, and lined with 
tin. The ancients had their bifeuits prepared after the like 
manner, and for the like ufie, as the moderns. The Greeks 
called it upon &7ri’poi<) q. d. bread put twice to the fire. . 
The Romans give it the name of panis nauticus, or : 
capta. Pliny denominates it vetus aut nauticus panis tufas 
atquc ite.rum coElus. By which it appears, that, after the 
firft baking, they ground or pounded it down again for a 
fecond. In fonie middle-aged writers, it is called paximas, 
paximus, and panis paximatus. Among the Romans we alfo 
meet with a kind of land-bifcuit for the camp-fervice,called 
buceellatum, fometimes expcditionalis annona, which was 
baked much, but to make it lighter for carriage, and lefs 
liable to corrupt, the codtion being continued till the 
bread was reduced one-fourth of its former weight. 
BISCUTEL'LA, f. [dimin. from 'bis and fcutum\ the 
fruit refembling a double Afield.] Buckler-Mustard, 
or Bastard Mithridate Mustard. In botany, a 
genus of the clafs tetradynamia, order filiculofa, natural 
order (iliquofae, cruciformes, or cruciferae. The generic 
characters are—Calyx : perianthium four-leaved; leaflets 
ovate, acuminate, gibbous at the bafe, coloured, decidu¬ 
ous. Corolla : four-petalled, cruciform, petals oblong, 
obtufe, fpreading. Stamina: filaments fix, the length of 
the cube of the corolla ; two oppoiite fiiorter. Anthers 
Ample. Piftillum : germ comprefled, orbiculate, emargi- 
nate. Style fimple, permanent. Stigma obtufe. Pericar- 
pium : filicle eredt, comprelfed flat, lemibifid withroundifli 
lobes, two-celled : partition lanceolate, ending in a rigid 
flyle; ceils two-valved, affixed to the partition, on its 
ftraigbt margin. Seeds: folitury, roundilh, comprefled, 
in the middle of the cell. The two outer leaflets of the 
calyx in fome ipecies have a tubula-concave melliferous • 
prominent bafe.— EJJiitial Character. Silicle comprefled 
flat, rounded above and below two-lobed. Calyx leaflets 
gibbous at the bafe. 
Species. 1. Bifcutella auriculata, or ear-podded buck- ■ 
ler-muftard : calyxes gibbous on each fide with the nec¬ 
tary, filicles running into the ftyle. In a wild ftate this 
plant rifes about a foot in height, but in a garden it gene¬ 
rally grows near two feet high, dividing into feveral 
branches. At every joint there is one oblong entire leaf 
a little indented, thofe on the lower part of the ftalk being 
broader and more blunt than thofe on the upper. The 
flowers are produced at the ends of the branches in loofe 
panicles, and are of a pale yellow colour. Native of the 
fouth of France and Italy. It was cultivated here in 
1683, by Mr. James Sutherland, and flowers in June 
and July. 
2. Bifcutella apula, or fpear-leaved buckler-muftard : 
filicles fcabrous, leases lanceolate feffile ferrate. This 
fends out many oblong hairy leaves, flightly indented on 
their edges; from among thefe rifes a hairy brandling 
ftalk two feet high, and at each joint is placed one oblong 
indented leaf, whi'ch half embraces the ftalk at the bafe ; 
each branch is terminated by a clofe fpike of pale yellow 
flowers; with a fliorter ftyle than in the other forts. The 
whole plant, ftem and leaves, are rough with ficattered 
hairs. Stem upright, a foot high, with two or three 
branches. Native of Italy. Cultivated in 1759, by Mr. 
Miller. It flowers in June and July. 
3. Bifcutella lyrata : filicles fcabrous, leaves lyrate. - 
Native of Spain and Sicily. 
4. Bifcutella coronopifolia: filicles fmooth, leaves . 
toothed, rough witli hairs. According to Allioni, this 
is a lower plant than-the fecond ; he thinks that it is not 
fpecificaliy different from the lecond; but a variety, 
proceeding from a drynefs of foil; for it is found in ex¬ 
tremely dry barren places, in Spain, Italy, and Germany. 
Gouan is of opinion, that this and the fecond, third, and 
fourth, are one fpecies. According to Linneus, all thefe, 
with the fifth, though originally defeended from the fame * 
mother, and lifters of the fecond fort, may fairly be di¬ 
vided into four. 
3. Bifcutella laevigata, or fmooth buckler-muftard ; 
filicles 
