BLEACHING. 
fa&nrers, in particular, have availed thernfelves of this 
method of giving additional beauty to their fabrics ; and 
the principal paper-makers have adopted the fame expe¬ 
dient, not only to bleach the'coarfe raw material, but to 
give greater brilliancy and whitenefs to manufactured 
paper. To fecure particular improvements in this way, 
patents have been granted, and every encouragement held 
out to individuals to profecute further experiments. 
Among thefe, Meflrs. Clement and George Taylor, of 
Maidftone, in Kent, and Mr. Bigg, of [ping, in Suflex, 
appear to have been the moft fuccelsful. The advantages 
propofed by the Meflrs. Taylors, are derived from a me¬ 
thod of bleaching coarfe and coloured linen and cotton 
rags, after they have been reduced to a pulp in the engine, 
fo as to fit them for the purpofe of making fine white pa¬ 
per, inflead of whited-brown or blotting, whereby the 
profits upon the paper manufactory muff be confiderably 
enhanced. The method of effecting this is defcribed in 
the patent, as follows: “ We the faid Clement and 
George Taylor, do hereby declare, that our faid inven¬ 
tion of decompofing or removing all forts of colours in 
linen's and cottons, and for whitening all other kinds of 
linens and cottons, in different ftages of the paper manu¬ 
factory, is defcribed in manner following, that is to fay ; 
the ingredients ufed, and the mode in which the opera¬ 
tion of bleaching of coloured or coarfe fags reduced to 
what is termed half fluff, or pulp, is performed as follows : 
Take fixteen pounds of common fait, eight pounds of man- 
ganefe, and twelve pounds of oil of vitriol ; dry the fait, 
and pound it fufficiently fine to admit of its being palled 
through the fineft wire fieve ; and likewife pound or grind 
the manganefe, and fift it in like manner; then mix and 
incorporate them thoroughly together, put them into a 
retort, or any other proper diftilling veffel; add thereto 
the twelve pounds of oil of vitriol, and immediately after 
put in fix pounds of cold water. Then place the neck of 
the retort into a wooden receiver, which fhould contain 
240 gallon's, into which mud be put 200 gallons only of 
water. The neck of your retort to be placed a little above 
the furface of the water in your receiver, and to be clofely 
luted, fo that none of the fumes efcape. The diftilling 
mud be continued with a gentle heat until the ingredients 
become hard, and evaporation ceafes to appear on the 
helm of the retort. Next take two pounds of pearl-afii, 
and one pound offline previoufly flacked ; or two pounds 
of pearl-afh only ; diflolve them, and drain them through 
a flannel bag into an engine, containing an hundred weight 
of coloured or coarfe rags, reduced to a pulp, or half 
fluff, nearly walked ; put in your wafh-boards, and let 
them go one hour in that date; then take out out your 
wafh-boards, and cleanfe it of the pearl-afh and lime, or 
pearl-afh Only. ' The quantity Of pearl-afh to be ufed mud 
be governed by the properties of the water at different 
mills. This operation is intended to extract all greafy 
matter from coloured or coarfe rags rediiced to pulp, not- 
withdanding the dephlogiflicated marine acid will bleach 
this pulp without the abidance of pearl-afh and lime, or 
pearl-afh only ; yet it is found to pay well for the addi¬ 
tional trouble and expence, by more effedtually whitening 
the faid half duff or pulp. Having then cleanfed the hun¬ 
dred weight of coloured or coarfe duff of the pearl-afh 
and lime, or pearl-afh only, yolt will put them into your 
bleaching machine, (a figure of which is given in the an¬ 
nexed plate ;) add a proportionate quantity of water, ac¬ 
cording to the degree of moifture in your pulp or half 
duff; fay about ioo gallons of water in all ; then empty 
into your bleaching machine from out of your receiver 
200 gallons of the liquor diddled as before mentioned ; 
flop the bleaching niach ne clofe, and fet it in motion ; it 
will require about four hours to complete this part of the 
procefs ; at the expiration of which time empty the afore¬ 
mentioned pulp or half duff out of the bleaching machine, 
put it into the engine, and wafii it until it lofes the fmell 
it imbibed from theoperation. Thus far, as it relates to 
coloured and coarfe rags reduced to a pulp or half duff'.' 
Von. III. No. 119. 
ror 
The mode of applying the diddled liquor fo all fine rags 
reduced to a pulp, is limply this : Reduce one hundred¬ 
weight of fine rags to a pulp or half duff; treat them with 
the pearl-afh only ; cleanfe them of it as before ; put them 
into your bleaching machine with 150 gallons ofwater, in¬ 
cluding the portion the faid pulp may contain, and add 
thereto 150 gallons of the diddled liquor; flop the bleach¬ 
ing machine clofe, let it in motion, and it will require 
about four hours to complete this part of the procefs ; at 
the expiration of which time empty the pulp out of the 
bleaching machine into the engine, and wafh it until it 
lofes the fmell it imbibed from the operation, and then 
proceed as in the ufual way of manufacturing paper. The 
bleaching machine is delineated in fig. 6. of the preceding 
plate. A, reprefents the bleaching machine or barrel ; 
length, eight feet diameter at the great end, three feet 
four inches diameter at the little end, and two feet ten 
inches in the clear. B B, the axis upon which it revolves. 
C, the hole to let in the liquor or water occafionally. D, 
the hole to fill in the pulp or half duff for bleaching, and 
to empty when bleached. E, three boards the length of 
the machine, two inches thick and fix inches wide, to be 
fadened in the infide of the machine at equal didances 
from each other. F, pins or pegs to be fadened into the 
boards E, about two inches apart, and to project four 
inches from the faid boards. In witnefs whereof, we the 
faid Clement Taylor and George Taylor have hereunto 
fet our hands and feals, See.” 
Since the above fpecification of the MefTrs. Taylors, 
Mr. Bigg, of Iping, has not only difeovered a mode of 
bleaching paper by a cheap and expeditious procefs ; but 
likewife of redoring damaged or mildewed paper to its 
pridine date. Many hundred pounds worth of fine writing- 
paper, which was lately returned from abroad as totally 
unfit for life, having taken the water, and become fpongy, 
fpotted, arid mildewed, has been reftored by this gentle¬ 
man to its original purity and value. If the mildewed 
paper be printed, it can, in like manner, be redored, with¬ 
out the fmalled injury to the type. To fecure to himfelf 
the advantages of this difeovery, a patent was granted 
him on the 28th of February, 1795 ; in which lie dates 
his method to be as follows: “ I the faid John Bigg- 
do hereby declare, that my faid invention is fleferibed in 
manner following; that is to fay, Take of manganefe eight 
pounds, of common fea-falt twelve pounds, or any other 
quantity in the fame proportion, which, being mixed to¬ 
gether, mud be well beaten in a mortar, fo as to be tho¬ 
roughly incorporated, having a wooden box or receiver 
made of the dimenfions mod convenient to the fize of the 
papers to be bleached ; in which box or receiver may be 
contained ten, twelve, or more, w-ooden racks, which are 
to be made to Hide in grooves juft clear of each other, on 
which lay your paper flat ; if a thick paper, about fix or 
feveri fheets thick; if a thin paper, nine or ten flieets 
thick. If it is to be bleached in the firft date, as made 
from the vat, it mud be prefled as hard as is ufual to 
prefs the packs of fine papers the lad time, after being- 
parted in the pack. Then take it in the quantities as 
above, and lay it on the racks, taking care it does not lie 
one quantity in the lead over the other ; then clofe up the 
door of, the receiver, and, having a fand-bath, or other 
method of conveying heat, conveniently affixed at the 
back of the box or receiver, place therein a glafis, lead, 
or other proper retort, being tubulated ; in which firft 
put eight ounces of the above mixture of manganefe and 
fait, to which add ten ounces of vitriolic or fulplntric 
acid (the retort being previoufly fixed with its neck ad¬ 
mitted through a hole made as near the centre in the 
back of the box as may be) immediately into the retort, 
with forne pipe or other foft clay, and the bleaching w ill 
immediately commence, afid," in'the courfe of two hours, 
will be efteftually completed. Then open the door of 
the box or receiver, and take out the paper, and furnifh 
the racks with freth paper ; after which, add the fame 
charge again to the retort, arid proceed as before. The 
D d paper* 
