17ft B O' N 
by Juftinian, called adfcriptii glebiz, or agrkenf/tl ; who 
were not bound to the per fort, but to the ground or place, 
and followed by him who had the land, Thefe in our law* 
are called villains regardants, as belonging to the manor 
or place.■ • 
BON'DORF, a county of Germany, in the circle of 
Swabia, about five leagues long, and three wide. It joins 
the Brifgair, and belongs to the abbey of St. Blaife, giving 
the abbot a voice at the diet of the empire. It is alfefied 
at twenty-five florins and thirty kreutzers for the Roman 
month, and is taxed at twelve rixdoilars, fifteen kreutzers. 
The territory includes the tow n of Bondorf, and about 
twelve villages. 
BON'DORF, a town of Germany, and capital of the 
above-named county, in the circle of Swabia : twenty-eight, 
miles north-north-weft of Zurich, and fix north-nonh-wed 
of S’tuhlingen. 
BON'DOU, or Bondu, a kingdom of Africa, in the 
bounty of Senegal. 
BONDOUR', atowmof Aliatic Turkey, in the province 
©f Natolia • twenty-four miles weft of Ifbarteh. 
BOND'SERVANT,y. A flave ; a fervant without the 
liberty of quitting ltis mailer.—And if thy brother, that 
dwelleth by thee, be waxen poor, and be fold tinto thee, 
thou (halt not compel him to ferve as a bondjcwant. Levi¬ 
ticus, xxv. 3'rf. 
-BOND'SERV lCE,yi The condition of a bond fervant; 
flavery.—Upon thofe did Solomon levy a tribute of bond- 
service. Kings'. 
BOND'SLAVE, f. A man in llavery ; one of fervile 
condition, who cannot change his mailer.—All her orna¬ 
ments are taken away ; of a i’reewoman ftie is become a 
bovdfltivc. i Macc. ii. u. 
BONDS'MAN, f. A flave.—Carnal greedy people, 
■without fitch a precept, would have no mercy upon their 
poor bondfmen and beafts. Derham. —A perfon bound or 
giving fecurity for another. 
BONDS'WOM AN, f. A woman flave: 
My lords, the fehators 
Are fold for flaves, and their wives for bondfwomen. Jonjon. 
BOND-TENANTS,yi in law, copy-holders, and cuf- 
tomary tenants, are fometimes fo called. Calihorpe. on Copy¬ 
holds 51, 54. 
BON'DUC,/. in botany. See Guii.andina. 
BONDUCEL'LA,yi in botany. See Guii.andina. 
BONE,yi \_ban, Sax. been, Dan. Su. Dut. O. and L. 
Ger. bein, H. Ger.] The folid parts of the body of an 
animal, made up of hard fibres, tied one to another by 
ftnall tranfverfe fibres, as thofe of the mufcles. In a fe¬ 
tus they are porous, foft, and calily difcerned. As their 
pores fill with a fubftance of their own nature, fo they in- 
creafe, harden, and grow clofe to one another. They are 
all fpongy, and full of little cells ; or are of a confiderable 
firm thicknels, with a large cavity, except the teeth; and, 
where they are articulated, they are covered with a thin 
and ftrong membrane, called the periojleum. Each bone 
is much bigger at its extremity than in the middle, that 
the articulations might be firm, and the bones not ealily 
put out of joint. But, becaufe the middle of the bone 
fhotild be ftrong, to fuftain its allotted weight, and relift 
accidents, the fibres ate there more clofely compacted to¬ 
gether, fupporting one another; and the bone is made 
hollow, and confequently not fo eafily broken, as it ntuft 
have been had it been folid and (mailer. See Anatom v, 
vol. i. p. 532-561. A fragment of meat; a bone with as 
much meat as adheres to it : 
Like ZEfop’s hounds contending for the bone , 
Each pleaded right, and w'ould be lord alone. Dryden. 
The bones of men and quadrupeds owe their great firm- 
nefs and folid ity to a confiderable portion of the phofpho- 
ric fait of lime, w hich they contain. When thefe are 
rafped (mall, and boiled in water, they afford a gelatinous 
matter, and a portion of fat or oil which occupied their 
interftices. By deftruttive diftillation they afford alkaline 
13 O M 
phlegm, a fetid oil, and much volatile alkali, leaving a 
coal not eafily burned. In an open fite, bones are inflamed 
by virtue of their oil, and emit an offenlive empyreuma- 
tic fntell. The white, friable, and incombuftiblc, re ft due, 
confifts chiefly of lime and phofphoric acid in combina¬ 
tion. It affords a final! quantity of mild mineral alkali 
by waffling with water. This white matter is decompo- 
fable by fulion with mild fixed alkalis, which unite with 
the phofphoric acid, at die fame time that the fixed air 
converts-1 he l ine into chalk. Acids likewife dilengage 
the phofphoric acid by uniting with the lime. The ni¬ 
trous or the vitriolic acids are mod commonly ufed in this 
procefs. The earth of bones is confidered by the chymifts 
the pureft ; they call it virgin earth. All bones become 
nioft exqu litely fenlible in the difeafed inflamed ftate, ow¬ 
ing to tiie velfeis (welling, and the fubftance round them 
being inelaflic. 
Bones whitened for Skeletons. Two proceffes are dc- 
feribed in the ACta Hoffniehfta for w hitening bones. Pro- 
feffor Ran had a method of giving them a great degree of 
wdrirenels. By bare expofure to the air, fun, and rain, 
fora length of rime, they become extremely white ; but 
the whitelf bones-, kept in rooms liable to fmoke, or fuli¬ 
ginous vapours,'grow in a little time yellowifli, brewnifti, 
and unligluly. ft is culforn?.ry, for the purification of 
bones, to boil them in alkaline Hquors; which, bydif- 
folving and extracting the ftiperfluous fat, improve their 
whitenefs. 
Bones hardened andJrftencd. Boer.haave obferves, that 
alkaline falts render bones harder and firmer, and. that acids 
make them Tofter and more flexible. Thefe effects fuc- 
ceed in certain circumftances, but not univerfally; for 
bones may be hardened and fattened both by acids and by 
alkalis, according to the quantity of (aline matter employ¬ 
ed, and the manner in which it is applied. Newmann 
made bones harder and more compact by treating them 
with the ftrongeft of the mineral acids ; though, when the 
acid is in fufficient proportion, it deftroys or dilfolves 
them. In Papin’s digefter, the hardeft bones are reduced 
in a fliort time, by the action of Ample water, into a foft 
pap or jelly ; and alkaline liquors produce this effett (till 
iooner. In 1743, Mr. Geoffroy produced before the French 
academy a (mall ivory fpoon, which, by long lying irt 
muftard, was become flexible and tranfparent like horn. 
Mr. Foucliy alfo law an ivory fpoon, which, by lying for 
a confiderable time in milk, was become fupple like lea¬ 
ther: and Mr. Hunauld produced bones, which had been 
foftened by fteeping in vinegar, but afterwards hardened 
to their natural ftate by fteeping in water, and foftened a 
fecond time by fteeping in vinegar. Dr. Lewis obferved 
that the nitrous and marine acids diluted, and the acetous 
acid, make bones flexible and tough like leather; but 
that the diluted vitriolic acid; though it renders them foft, 
makes them at the fame time brittle. It teems as if a 
great part of the earthy matter, which is the bafis of the 
bone, and on which its hardnefs depends, was d Ifolved 
and extracted by the three firft ; whilft the latter, incapa¬ 
ble of diffolving this kind of earth into a liquid form, only 
corrodes it into a kind of felenitic concrete, which remains 
intermixed in minute particles among the gelatinous mat¬ 
ter. Dr. Lewis did not find that the foftened bones-, what¬ 
ever acid they were foftened by, recovered their hardnefs 
by fteeping in water. Slips of loftene-d ivory, after lying 
above a month in water, continued nearly as fuP as vyhen 
they were taken out of the acid liquor. These is a lingu¬ 
lar induration of bones produced by fire ; the effects of 
w hich agent are here remarkably different according to its 
degree and the circumftances of its application. Bones 
expoled to a moderate lire, either in open vellVls, or in 
contact with the burning fuel, become opaque, win e, and 
friable throughout; and an inertafe of fire, alter -hey have 
once I offered this change, renders them only more ancl 
more friable. But if they are Urged at firft with a ftrong 
fire, fitch as that in which copper or iron melts, they be¬ 
come hard, femi-tranfparent, and fonorous, like'the hard 
1 mineral 
