73 2 CAN 
the drength of the yarn; in general» in roatUlfaftwrlng 
cloth, (Irengtli is facrificed to finenefs and colour. All 
this requires regulation. The above is the practice in the 
county of Suffolk, and probably differs in fome particulars 
in other counties. 
The expence of an acre of hemp may be cdimated at 
eight or nine pounds; and the average produce at forty-five 
Hones, which, at 7s. 6d. the (done, is 16 1 . 17s. 6d, Some 
crops rife to fifty-live Hones, and even more ; but there 
are bad ones fo low as twenty-five; the price varies from 
6s. to 9s. and even 10's, the Hone, Some carry the ex- 
pences fo high as 14I. but in that cafe the crop isfo much 
greater and better, as to be valued at 20I. The objections 
to this crop are, that its coming in the mid ft of harvell is 
embarralling; and that the attention it demands in every 
Hate of its progrefs is too great, where it is only a fecon- 
dary confederation: it is, however, of great riorilequence 
to the country, as a fupport for the poor, and therefore 
deferves every encouragement from the legiflature. 
CAN'NABIS LUTEA, fee Datisca. CANNABIS 
SPURIA, fee Galeopsis. CANNABIS V 1 RGINI- 
ANA, fee Acnida. 
CANN ACO'RUS, f. in botany. See Canna. 
C AN'jNAE, an ancient town of Apulia, in the Adriatic, 
at the mouth of the river Aufidus, rendered famous by a 
lignal overthrow which the Romans received here from 
the Carthaginians under Hannibal. The Roman confuls 
•Emilius Paultis and Terentius Varro being authorized by 
the fenate to quit the defenfive plain, and Hake the for¬ 
tunes of the republic on the chance of a battle, marched 
from Canufutm, and encamped a lew miles eafl, in two 
unequal divifions, with the Aufidus between them. In 
this polition they meant to wait for an opportunity of en¬ 
gaging to advantage ; but Hannibal, whole critical litua- 
tion in adefolated country, without refuge or allies, could 
admit of no delay, found means to inflame the vanity of 
Varro by fome trivial advantages in fkirmilhes between 
the light horfe. The Roman, elated with this fuccels, 
'determined to bring matters to a fpeedy conclulion ; but, 
finding the ground on the fouth lide too confined for the 
operations of fo large an army, eroded the river; and 
Varro, re lling his right wing upon the Aufidus, drew out 
his forces in the plain. Hannibal, whofe head-quarters 
were at Cannae, no (ooner perceived the enemy in motion, 
than he forded the Water below, and marlhalled his troops 
in a line oppoiite to that of his adverfaries. The Romans 
were vallly lit peri or in number to the Carthaginians ; but 
the latter were fuperipr in cavalry. The army of the 
former, confining of 87,000 men, was drawn up in the 
tifual manner; the hujlati in the firlt line, the principes in 
fecond, and the triani in the third. The cavalry were 
polled on-the wings. On the right the Roman knights 
flanked the legionaries; in the left, the cavalry of the 
allies covered their own infantry. The two canfuls com¬ 
manded the two w ings, Emilius the right, and Terentius 
the left ; and the two proc'onfuls Servilius and Attilius 
the main body. On tiie other hand, Hannibal, whofe army 
confided of 40.000 foot andic,ooo horfe, placed his Gattl- 
jfit and Spanilh cavalry in his left wing, to face the Roman 
Jcnights; and.the Numidian horle in his right, over againft 
the cavalry of the allies of Rome. As to his infantry, he 
divided the African battalions into two bodies, one of 
■which he polled near tiie Gaulilh and Spanilh horfe, the 
.other near the Numidian. Between thefe two bodies were 
placed on one fide the Gaulilh, on the other fide the Spa- 
nillt, infantry, drawn up in fitch a manner as to form an 
obtufe angle projecting a confiderable way beyond the 
two wings. Behind this line lie drew up a fecond which 
had no projection. Afdrubal commanded the left wing; 
JVIaherbai the right; and Hannibal him,'elf, with Ids bro¬ 
ther Mago, the main body. He had alio taken care to 
poll himfelf in (uch a manner that the wind Vultumus , 
which rifes at certain ftated times, Ihould blow directly in 
the faces of the Romans during the light, and cover them 
with duft- The ortfet was begun bv the light-armed in- 
C A N 
fantry, the Romans difehargirig their javelins, and the 
balcarrs their (tones, with pretty equal fuccels; never* 
thelds, tiie conful Emilius was w ounded. Then the Ro¬ 
man cavalry in the right wing advanced againlt the GauU 
ilh and Spanilh in Hannibal's left. As they were (hut in 
by the river Aufidus on one fide, and by their infantry otr 
the other, they did not fight, as ulual, by charging and. 
wheeling oft, and then returning to the charge ; but con¬ 
tinued fighting, each man againlt his adverfary, till one of 
them was killed or retired. After they had made prodi¬ 
gious efforts on both fides to overbear each other, they all 
on a hidden dilmounted, and fought on foot with great 
fury. In this attack the Gauls and Spaniards pi evaded, 
put the Romans to the rout, and, purfuing them along the 
liver, firewed the ground with dead bodies, Aldmbal 
giving no quarter. This conflict was fcarcely over, when 
the infantry on both fides advanced. The Romans - fie't 
fell upon the Spaniards and Gauls, who, as already ob- 
ferved, formed a kind of triangle, projecting beyond the 
two wings. Thefe gave ground, and, puffuant to Hanni¬ 
bal’s directions, funk into the void (pace in the rear ; by 
w hich means they itilenfibly brought the Romans into the 
centre of the African infantry, and then the fugitives ral¬ 
lying attacked them in front, while the Africans charged 
them in both flanks. The Romans, being by this artful 
retreat drawn into the fnare and furroutided, no longer 
kept their ranks, but formed feVeral platoons in order to 
face every way. Emilius, wlio was on the right wing, 
feeing the danger of the main body, at the head of his 
legionaries ailed the part both of a foldier and a general, 
penetrating into the heart of the enemy’s battalions, and 
cutting great numbers of them in pieces. All the Roman 
cavalry that were left attended the brave conful on foot ; 
and, encouraged by his example, fought like men in def- 
pair. But, in the mean time, Afdrubal, at the head of a 
detachment of Gaulilh and Spaniflt and Spamfh infantry 
brought from the centre, attacked Emilius’s legionaries 
with finch fury, that they were forced to give ground and 
fly : the conful, being covered with wounds, was at lad kil¬ 
led by lome of the enemy who did not know him. In the 
main body, the Romans, though dwelled on all fides, 
continued to (ell their lives dear, fighting in platoons, and 
making a great (laughter of the enemy. But being at 
length overpow'ered, and diflieartened by the death ot the 
two proconfuls Servilius and Attilius, w ho headed them, 
they difperfed and fled, fome to the right, and others to 
the left, as they could find opportunity ; but the Numi¬ 
dian horfe cut mod of them in pieces; the whole plain 
was covered with heaps of dead bodies, infomuch that 
Hannibal hintfelf, thinking the butchery too terrible, or¬ 
dered his troops to delid. There is a great difagreement 
among authors, as to the number of Romans killed and 
taken at the battle of Cannae. According to t.ivy, the 
republic lod 50,000 men, including the auxiliaries. Ac¬ 
cording to Polybius, o( 6000 Roman horfe, only 70 efcaped 
to Vemilia, vvitlt Terentius-Varro and 300 of the auxiliary 
horfe. As to the infantry, that writer tells us, that 
70,000 of the Roman foot died on the field of battle, 
fighting like brave men ; and that 13,000 were made pri- 
fioners. According to Dionylius of Hahcarnaffus, of 6000 
horle, only 370 efcaped the general daughter, and of 80,000 
foot, 3000 only were left. The mod modera'e compu¬ 
tation makes the number of Romans killed amount to 
45,000. The feene of action is marked out to poderity by 
the name of Pczzo di Sangue, or field of blood. 
Thefe plains have more than once, fence the Punic war, 
afforded room for men to accompldf) their mutual deftruc- 
tion. Melo of Bari, after railing the dandard of revolt 
again ft the Greek emperors, and defeating their generals in 
feveral engagements, was at lad routed here in 1019, by 
the Catapau Boiantts. Out of 250 Norman adventurers, 
the cement of Mclo’s army, only ten efcaped theJkiughter 
of the day. In 1201, the tpchbilhop of Palermo and his 
rebellious affociates, who had taken advantage of the non¬ 
age of Frederic of Swabia, were cut to pieces at Carinas 
