734 CAN 
be die Caliripaxa of Pliny. It is a place of great reputed 
antiquity, being faid, by Ferifhta, to'have been the capi¬ 
tal of Hindooflan, Under the father of Pofus, who was 
conquered by Alexander. Li the fixth cpnmry it is report¬ 
ed to have had 30,000 ihops for the fale of the famous In¬ 
dian betel-nut; and 60,000 bands of-iiiufi'cians and fingers 
rvho paid tax to the government. A peflilence is fuppo- 
fed to h.ave depopulated the place. It is faid to have 
been the head of an empire ; and fubmitted to Mahmood, 
in 1018, in his eighteenth expedition. The Indian hiflo- 
rians are full of its grandeur, extent, and populoufnefs; 
but at prefent it is only a town of middling fize, and little 
trade. It is ninety-five miles eaft of Agra, and fifty weft 
of Lucknow. Lat. 27. 2. N. Ion. 80. iS. E. Greenwich. 
CA'NON, f A p erf on who polleffes a ptjebend, or re¬ 
venue allotted for the performance of divine fervice in a ca¬ 
thedral, or collegiate church. This order is of no great 
antiquity : Pafchier oblerves, that the name pawn was not 
known before Charlemagne. The common opinion attri¬ 
butes the inftitution of this order to Chrodegangus, bifhop 
of Metz, about the middle of the eighth century. Origi¬ 
nally canons were only inferior ecolefiaftics, who lived in 
community ; redding by the cathedral church, to allift 
the bifhop.; depending entirely on his will; fupported by 
the revenues of the billiopric ; and living in the fame houfe, 
as his domeftics, or counfellors. They even inherited his 
moveables, till the year 8x7, when this was prohibited by 
the council of Aix-la-Chapelle, and a new rule fubftitnted 
in the place of that v\ hich had been appointed by Chrode¬ 
gangus, and which was obferved for tlie mod part in the 
weft till the twelfth century-. By degrees, thefe commu¬ 
nities, fhaking off their dependence, formed feparate bo¬ 
dies ; whereof the bilhops, however, were ftiil the heads. 
In the tenth century, there were communities or congre- 
-gations of the fame kind, eftablifhed even in cities where 
there were no bilhops: thefe were called collegiates, as 
they ufed the term congregation and college indifferently : 
the name chapter, now given to thefe bodies, being much 
more modern. Under the fecond race of the French'kings, 
the canonical or collegiate life had fpread rtfelf all over 
the country; and each cathedral had its chapter, diftinct 
from the reft of the clergy. They had the name canon 
from the Greek ymvuv, which fignifies three different things; 
a rule, a penfion or fixed revenue to live on, and a cata¬ 
logue or mafricula■; all which are applicable to them. In 
time, the canons freed themfelves from their rules, the 
She obfervaace relaxed, and, at length, theyceafed to live 
in community : yet they (till formed bodies; pretending 
to other functions befides the celebration of the common 
■office in the church ;. yet, a (Turning Jt he rights of the reft 
of the clergy; making themfelves as a neceffary council 
of the bifiiop ; taking upon them the adminiftration of a 
fee during a vacancy, and the election of a bifiiop to fup- 
ply it. There are even fame chapters exempt from the 
jurifdiftion of the bifhop, and owning no head but their 
dean. After the example of cathedral chapters, collegi¬ 
ate ones alfo continued to form bodies, after they had ,a- 
bandoned living in community. 
Canons are of various kinds ; as, Cardinal canons, which 
-are thofe attached incardinati to a church, as a prieft is to 
a parifh. Domicellary canons , yvho, not being in ordeVs, 
had no right in any particular chapters. ExpcRative ca¬ 
nons, inch as, without having any revenue or prebend, had 
the title and dignities of cations, a voice in the chapter, 
and a place in the choir ; till fuch time as a prebend fhould 
fall. Foreign canons, fuch as did not officiate in the canon- 
ries to which they belonged. To thefe were oppofed man- 
fionary canons, or canons refidentiary. Lay, or honorary 
canons, fuch among the laity as had been admitted, out of 
honour and refpedl, into fome chapter of canons. Regular 
canons, thofe who ftiil live in community, and who have, 
to,the practice of their rules, added the folemn profeffion 
' of vows.- They are called regulars, to diftinguifli them 
from thofe fecular canons who abandon living in commu¬ 
nity,, and at the fame time the obfei vance of the canons 
CAN 
made as the rules of the clergy, for the maintenance of Vlvffi 
ancient difeipline.' The canons fubfifted in tlieir fimplicity 
till the eleventh or twelfth century, when fome of them, 
feparating from the community, took with them the name 
of canons, or acephalous priefts, becaufe they declined to 
live in community with the bifhop ; and thofe who were 
feft thenceforth acquired the denomination of canons re¬ 
gular, and adopted moft of the profeflions of the rule of St. 
Auguftine. This order was brought into England by Adel- 
■yvald, confeffor to Henry I. vyho erefted a priory at Noftel 
in York (hire ; and obtained for them the church of Car- 
lilleas an epifcopal fee, with the privilege ofchoofing then- 
own hilltop. They were Angularly protected and encou¬ 
raged by Henry I. who gave them the prioi y of Dunftabie 
in 1107, and by queen Maud, who in the-following year 
gave them the-priory of the Holy Trinity in London. Ter¬ 
tiary canons, thofe who had only the third part of the re¬ 
venues of the canonicate. 
CA'NON, f ATynonimous term for the authorifed books 
of the facred writings. See Bible. The ancient canon, or 
catalogue of the books of the Old Teftament, was made by 
the Jews, and is ordinarily attributed to Ezra ; who is faid 
to have diftributed them into the law, the prophets, and 
the hngiographa, to which our Saviour refers, Luke, ch. 
xxiv. vcr. 44. The fame divifion is alfo mentioned by 
Jofeplnts. This is the canon allowed to have been fol¬ 
lowed by the primitive church, till the-council of Car- 
-thage ; and; according to St. Jerom, it co-nfifted of no more 
than twenty-two books ; anfwering to the number of the 
Hebrew alphabet; though at prefent they are claffed into 
twenty-four divifions. That council, however, enlarged 
-the canon very conliderably, taking into it the apocryphal 
books, which the council of Trent has further enforced. 
The Romanifts, in defence of this canon, fay, that it is 
fame with that of the council of Hippo, held in 393 ; and 
with that of the third council of Carthage, in 397, at which 
were prefent forty-fix bilhops, and, among t he reft, St. 
Auguftine ; who declared they received it from their fa¬ 
thers. The catalogue of canonical books furnifhed by the 
more ancient Chriltian writers, as Origen about the year 
2x0, Eufebius and Athanafius in 315, Epiplianius in 379, 
Jerome in 3,^2, Auftin in 394, and many others, agrees 
exadly with that which is now received among Chriflianr, 
Pajchal CA'NON, f. A table of the moveable feaft's, 
Blowing the day of Eafter, and the other feafls depending 
on it, for a cycle of nineteen years. The pafchal canon is 
fuppofed to be the calculation of Eufebius of Casfarea, and 
to have been done by order of the council of Nice. 
CA'NON,yi In the ancient mufic, was, a rule or me¬ 
thod of determining the interval of notes. Ptolemy, re¬ 
jecting the Ariftoxenian way of meafuring the intervals in 
mufic, by the magnitude of a tone (which was fuppofed 
to be formed by the difference between a diapente and ;i 
diateflaron), thought that nuifical intervals fhould be diN 
tinguifhed, according to the ratios or proportions which 
the founds terminating thofe intervals bear to one another, 
when confidered according to their degree of acutenCfs or 
gravity ; which, before Ariftoxenus, was the old Pytha¬ 
gorean way. He'therefore made the diapafon confift in'a 
r doubie ratio ; the diapente, in a fefquialtfcrate ; the diatef- 
faron, in a fe'fquitertian 5 and the tone itfelf, in a fefqui- 
oclave ; and all'the other intervals, according to the pro¬ 
portion of the founds that terminate them : wherefore, 
-taking the canon (as it is called) for a determinate line of 
any length, lie (hows how this canon is to be cut accord¬ 
ingly, fo that i.t may reprelent the refpeCtive intervals : 
and this method anfwers exactly to experiment, in the dif¬ 
ferent lengths of mufical chords. From this canon, Pto¬ 
lemy and his followers have been called Canonici ; as thofe 
of Ariftoxenus were called Mufici. 
In modern mufic, canon is a kind of fugue, which they 
call i\perpetualfugue , becaufe the different parts, beginning 
one after another, repeat inceffantly the fame air. In or¬ 
der to execute fuch a canon, he who fings the firft part be¬ 
gins alone, and continues till the air is finilhed ; then re¬ 
commences 
