CAR 
fples on foot, to give them intelligence of the departure 
„;ind motions of caravans, which they frequently attack with 
fuperior forces: in'cafe of repulfe, they come to an ac¬ 
commodation; but if the caravan be beaten, it is plun¬ 
dered, and the whole guard made fiaves, though more in¬ 
dulgence is (hewn to ftrangers. The taking of a lingle cara¬ 
van fometimes enriches a prince forever. 
The profits to be made in a caravan during its march, 
arc often incredible. Mr. Bougnon gives indances, where, 
by repeated bargains and exchanges, a perfon has made 
20,000 crowns out of a (ingle gold watch, and thirty louis 
d’ors. Any dealer is at liberty to form a company, in or¬ 
der to make a caravan. He in whofe name it is railed is 
conlidered as the caravan-bachi, or chief of the caravan, 
unlefs he appoint fome other in his place. If there be 
feveral merchants equally concerned, they elefl a caravan- 
bachi; after which they appoint officers to conduit the ca¬ 
ravan, and decide all controverfiea which may arife dur¬ 
ing tiie journey. 
CARAVAN', /, an appellation given to the voyages, 
or campaigns, which die knights of Malta are obliged to 
make at fea, againft the Turks and Corfairs, in order to 
arrive at the commanderies and dignities of 'the order. 
They are thus called, becaufe the knights have frequently 
feized the caravan going from Alexandria to Conffan- 
tinoole. 
CARAVANIER',/. a perfon who leads the camels, 
and other beads of burden ufed in the caravans’of tjieead. 
CARAVAN'SERA, or Cara vansrr y, / [Arabic, 
cairawan ; Perf. karwav, or carvan , a caravan ; and fcrai, 
a large houfe.] In the ead a large public building, or inn, 
dedined to receive and lodge the caravans. Of thefe cara- 
vanferas, or, as Chardin calls them, caravanferai, there 
are a great number throughout the ead; eredfed out of 
the charity and munificence of the princes of the feveral 
countries. Thofe of Schiras and Cafbin, in Perfia, are 
laid to have colt 60,000 crowns each. They are open to 
people of all religions and countries, without any queftions 
afked, or any money required. Thefe caravanferai are 
ufually huge fquare buildings, with a fpacious court in 
the middle. They are encompafled with galleries and 
arches, under which runs a kind of banquette, or eleva¬ 
tion,' feveral feet high, where travellers red themfelves, 
and take up their lodging; their baggage, and the beads 
that carry them, being fadened to the foot of the banquette. 
Over the gate there is frequently a little chamber, which 
the caravanferafkier lets out, at a very dear rate, to fuch 
as have a mind to be retired. 
Though the caravanferas ferve in lieu of inns, yet there 
is this eflential difference, that the traveller finds nothing 
at all in the caravanfera, neither for himfelf nor his cattle, 
but muff carry all his provifions and neceffaries with him. 
They are chiefly built in dry, barren, defert, places ; and 
are generally furniflied with water from a great didance, 
and at a vad expence; there being no caravanfera with¬ 
out its well of water. There are feveral of them in ci¬ 
ties, where they ferve not only as inns, but as (hops, 
warehoufes, and even exchanges. 
There are fome caravanferas where mod things may be 
bad for money ; and as the profits of thefe are confider- 
able, the magidrates of the cities to whofe jurifdiction they 
belong take care to ftore them well: they have an infpec- 
tor, who fixes the price of lodging, without appeal. There 
are few' cities in the ead without their caravanferai; efpe- 
cially within the dominions of Turkey, Perfia, and the 
Great Mogul. Thofe of Condantinople, Ifpahan, and 
Agra, the capitals of three empires, are didinguiihed for 
their magnificence and commodioufnefs. 
In Turkey, none but the Grand Signior’s mother and 
fider, with the viziers and badiaws, who have been in three 
battles agdinft the Chridians, are allowed to build a cara¬ 
vanfera. 
C ARAVANSER ASKIER', /. the director, deward, 
or intendant, of a caravanfera. At Ifpahan there are ca¬ 
ravanferas in manner of halls or exchanges, where goods 
CAR 787 
are laid up, and expofed to view ; for which the caravanfe- 
rafleier is accountable, in confideration of a certain fee. 
CA'RAVEL, or Car'vel, f. [caravtla , Span.] A 
light, round, old-fafhioiied, fliip, with a fquare poop, for- 
mely ufed in Spain and Portugal. 
CAR A'VI, a fmall ifland in the Grecian Archipelago. 
Lat. 36. 53. N. Ion. 41. 22. E> Ferro. 
CARAViL'LA, a town of Italy, in the kingdom of 
Naples, and country of Molife : twelve miles north-wed; 
of Molife. 
C ARAWAWANG' POINT, the ead point of the Bay 
of Batavia, in the ifland of Java. 
CA'RAWAY,/. in botany. See Carus. 
CARAX’ERON,/ in botany. See Gomphrena. 
CAR'BERY, an ifland on the feuth coaft of Ireland, in. 
Dunmannus Bay. Lat. 51.31. N. Ion. 9. 33. W. Greenw. 
CAR'BET ST. JA'QUES, a town of Martinico, in the 
Weft-Indies. Lqt. 14. 39. N. Ion. 43, 24. W. Ferro. 
CARBf'NI, a town of the ifland of Corfica : five miles 
eaft of Tallano. 
CAR'BO, a Roman orator who killed himfelf becaufe 
he could not curb the licentious manners of his country¬ 
men. His Ion Cneus embraced the party of Marius, and 
after the death of Cinna fucceeded t* the government. Ke 
was killed in Spain, in his third confullhip, by order of 
Pompey.. 
CAR'BON,/ [from carbo, Lat. of 3 in, charab, to burn, 
or Nmn, charbah , burnt or dried.]’Coal. It is commonly 
underfiood to mean charcoal, and receives its name from 
its mode of preparation, which is by burning pieces of 
wood into a dry black coal. In the modern chemillry, car¬ 
bon is ufed to denote pure charcoal. 
CARBGNA'DO,/. [ carbonnade , Fr. from carbo, Lat. 
a coal.] Meat cut acrofs, to be broiled upon the coals.— 
If I come in his way willingly, let him make a carbonado 
of me. Shakcfpeare. 
To CARBON A'DO, v. a. To cut or hack.—Draw', you 
rogue, or I’ll carbonado your (hanks. Shakefpeare. 
CARBONA'RA, a town of Italy, in the kingdom of 
Naples, and country of Bari: two miles fouth-fouth- 
eaft of Bari. 
CARBO'NE, a fmall river of Spain, which runs into 
the Guadalquivir, a little above Seville. 
CARBO'NI, a town of Italy, in the kingdom of Na¬ 
ples, and province of Bafilicata : fixteennnles S.W.Turfi. 
CARBON'NE, a town of France, in the department of 
the Upper Garonne, and chief place of a canton, in the 
diftridt of Rieux : one league north of Rieux, and feveu 
fouth of Touloufe. 
CARBU', a town of Italy, in the ftate of Genoa : fe- 
ven miles weft-north-weft of Finale. 
CAR'BUNCLE,/ [ carbunculus , Lat. a burning coal.] 
Among ancient naturalifts, a (tone, whereof Pliny and. 
Theophraftus relate many fabulous wonders. Pliny dif- 
tinguifhes twelve lorts of it. Many of the ancients fup- 
pofed the carbuncle to be taken from the dragon’s head ; 
and we read of fome cavaliers, w ho went to combat with 
dragons, on purpofe to gain this invaluable jewel. Var- 
toman afitires us, that the king of Pegu ufed no other 
light in the night-time, but that of his carbuncle, which 
caft a blaze like that of the fun. 
Among modern lapidaries, it is a (lone of the ruby kind, 
very rare, and of a rich, glowing red, colour. T he dif— 
tinguilhing character of the carbuncle is, that it is a gem 
of great hardnefs, and ofa dee-p red with an admixture of 
fcarlet. It was known among the ancients by the name 
avkpa!-, which was ufed metaphorically to figr.ify that 
this gem was in lome lights of a fire colour, the proper 
figmfication of the word being a piece of lighted charcoal. 
The carbuncle is ufually found pure and faultlefs, and is of 
the lame degree of hardnefs with the iapphire, being fecond 
only to the diamond. It is ever found naturally of an an- 
gulai figure, fmaller atone end than at the other, and at 
that fmall end tapering to a pointed pyramid, computed 
of the lame number of planes with the column, which is, 
