CAR 
dalles in the kingdom. By the cccurs, or hearts, are meant 
the gens de choeur, choirmen, or eccleliaftics. The Spa¬ 
niards, who certainly received the ufe of cards from the 
l'tench, have cop as, or chalices, inflead of hearts. The 
Flemifh cards have hearts in yellow chalices. The nobi¬ 
lity, or military part of the kingdom, are reprefented by 
the ends or points of lances or pikes, termed piques by t he 
French, and fpades by us. The Spaniards have rfpades , 
(words, in lieu of pikes, ivhich are of fimilar import. The 
cards made at Brit dels have long fabrcs interlaced, cover¬ 
ing the face of the.card. By diamonds are defigned the 
order of citizens, merchants, or tradefmen, carmtax, fqtiare 
Hones, tiles, or the like : the Spaniards have a coin, di- 
veros, and the Flemings, dcnicrs , which anfvvers to it : the 
Dutch call the French word carreaux, “firemen,’' Hones 
and diamonds, from the form. Trejle, the trefoil leaf, or 
clover grafs, alludes to the hulbandmen and peafunts ; 
this figure we corruptly call clubs. The Flemings have 
■batons, both the military truncheon and Herculean club. 
The Spaniards have bajlos, Haves, or clubs, inflead of the 
trefoil. We feem to have given the Flemifh or Spanifh 
name or fignification to the French figure. The four kings 
were reprefentative of David, Alexander, Ctefar, and 
Charles ; which names have always been on the French 
cards, thereby alluding to the four celebrated monarchies 
of the Jews, Greeks, Romans, and Franks under Char¬ 
lemagne. By the queens, or les dames, are intended Ar¬ 
gute, Eflher, Judith, and Pallas, names retained in the 
French cards, typical of birth, piety, fortitude, and wif- 
dom, the qualifications refiding in each perfon. Argine 
is an anagram for reqina, queen by defeent. By the knaves, 
or les valets, were defigned the fervants'of knights ; for 
knave originally Hgnified fervant. French pages and va¬ 
lets, now indifcriminately ufed by various orders of per- 
fons, were formerly only allowed to perfons of quality, 
efquires, efeuires, fltield or armour bearers. Others ima¬ 
gine that the knights themfelves were defigned by thofe 
cards; becaufe Hogier and Lahire, two names on the 
French cards, were famous knights at the time cards were 
Ihppofcd to have been invented. 
The Italians have cards which are termed mirichiate, 
and others tarracco, or tarocchi, from games of the fame 
names played with them ; they both coofifi of five fuits. 
Four of thefe fuits are the fame as the common pack, with 
the addition of one more figure-card to each ; f'o that they 
have re, dama, cavaliere, and fante, that is, king, queen, 
horfeman, and knave, both in the minchiate and tarracco. 
The fifth additional Ant is trionfo, trumps, and confifts of 
-forty-one cards in the minchiate pack, which confequently 
contains ninety-feven cards, and is chiefly in vogue in 
Tufcany and the pope’s dominions. The additional fuit 
in the tarracco confifts of twenty-two cards; the pack, 
of courfe, contains feventy-eight cards, and is ufed chief¬ 
ly in Piedmont or Normandy. 
Among fliarpers, divers forts of falfe and fraudulent 
•-cards have been contrived; as, i. Marked cards, where 
the aces, kings, queens, and knaves, are marked on the 
^corners of the backs with fpots of different number and 
order, that thole in the fecret may diftinguifli them. Aces 
are, marked with (ingle fpots on two corners oppofite dia¬ 
gonally ; kings with two fpots at the fame corners; knaves 
.■with the fame number tranfverfed. 2. B rer/'cards, which 
are longer or broader than the reft, are chiefly ufed at 
whill, and piquet. The broad cards are ufually for kings, 
queens, knaves,-and aces; the long for the reft. Their 
-delign is to direft the cutting, to enable him in the fecret 
to tut the cards difadvantageoufly to his adverfary, and 
draw the perfon unacquainted with the fraud to cut them 
favourably tor the (harper. As the pack is placed either 
eniiw ife or fidevvife to him that is to cut, the long or broad 
cards naturally lead hint to cut to them. Breef cards are 
jometimes made thus by the manufacturer ; but, in defeCt 
of thefe, fliarpers pare all but the breefs with a penknife 
or razor, 3. Comer bend, denotes four cards turned down 
finely at one corner, to ferve as a fignal to cut by, 4. Mid- 
Vot.. 111 . No, 162. 
CAR 789 
die bend, or Kingfion-bridge, is where the tricks are bent 
two different ways, which caufes an opening or arch in 
the middle, to direff likewife the cutting. 
A duty of two (hillings (four fixpcnces) is impofed on 
all playing cards ; apd a duty of fifteen.(hillings (two cs. 
and two 2s. 6d.) by fiat. 9 Anne, c. 23. 29 Geo. II. c. 13. 
16 Geo. III. c. 34. and 29 Geo. III. c. 30. Thefe duties' 
arc under the controul of the damp commiflioncrs. By 
flat. 10 Anne, c. 19. no playing cards or dice (hall be im¬ 
ported. Selling fecond-hand cards incurs a penalty of 20I. 
(fat. 29 Geo. II. c. 13. and of 5I. per pack by fiat. 16 Geo. 
HI. c. 34. Several other regulations are made by fiatute 
to prevent bauds in manufacturing the above articles. If 
cards or dice undamped are ufed in any public gaming- 
houfe, a penalty of 5I. attaches on the feller, io Anne,c. 19. 
CARD,/ The paper on which the winds are marked 
under the mariner’s needle : 
On life’s vafi ocean diverfely we fail, 
Reafon the card, but paflion is the gale. Pope, 
[hoards, Dutch.] The inftrument with which wool is 
combed, comminuted, or broken, for (pinning. 
To CARD, v. a. To comb, or comminute wool with a 
piece of wood, thick fet with crooked wires : 
Go, card and (pin, 
And leave the bulinefs of the war to men. Dry den. 
To CARD, v. v. To game ; to play at cards. 
CARDAMI'LIA, a town of European Turkey, in the 
Morea : twelve miles fouthwveft of Mifitra. 
CARD AMIN'DUM,/ in botany. See TropIoluk. 
CARDAMl'NE,/ [fo calledfrom its having the tafie 
of <ardamum, that is nafturtium or crefs.] In botany, a 
genus of the clafs tetradynamia, order filiquofa, natural 
order of (iliquofe, or cruciform flowers. The generic 
characters are—Calyx: perianth four-leaved; leaflets 
ovate-oblong, obtufe, fomewhat fpreading, gibbons, (mall, 
deciduous. Corolla: four-petnlled, cruciform. Petals 
oblong-obova.te, fpreading much, ending in ereCt claws 
of twice the length of the calyx. Stamina: filaments fix, 
fubtilate; of .thefe the two oppofite ones are twice the 
lengthof the calyx, but the reft a little longer. Antherae 
fntall, cordate-oblong, ereCf. Pifiillum: germ (lender, 
cylindric, lengthof the fiamens ; ftyle none; ftigma ob- 
tufe-headed, entire. Pericarpium: filique long, cylin- 
dric-compreifed, bilocular, bivalve; the valves, on open¬ 
ing, rolling fpirally backwards. Seed: very many, round- 
ifli. —EJfential CharaEler. Silique opening elafircally, the 
valves revolute; fiigma entire; calyx rather gaping. 
Species. I. Leaves fimple. 1. Cardamine bellidifolia, 
or daily-leaved or alpine crefs : leaves fimple, ovate, quite 
entire, petioles long. Root fimple, white, very long; 
leaves oval, fmooth, juicy, acrid, dark, green ; often 
unequal, feme being twice as long as others; ftem filh 
form, flexile, an inch high, with one or two (mail leaves.; 
flowers white, fometimes purplifh, with claws the length 
of the cal) k, x. Grows on the mountains of Lapland, Nor¬ 
way, Silefia, Alps of Swilferland, Dauphine, Aufiria, and 
Carniola; highefi Alps between Savoy and Piedmont. 
Doubtful whether it be a native of Britain : Denbighfliire 
fliotild be fearched for it. perennial; biennial, according 
to Allioni; floweiing in April and May. 
2. Cardamine afatifolia, or afarabaeca-leaved crefs : 
leaves fimple fubcordate. All the fpecies of cardamine 
are mild antifcorbuti.es, as the tafie fufficiently indicates, 
but they are not received in pra&ice. This, however, 
has all the qualities of feurvy-grafs, and is fubftituted for 
it, where it grows in abundance. It is found at Bnrga ii* 
Tufcany ; in the Modenefe; at the foot of MontCenis; 
in the Vaudois alps; above Tende, &c. Introduced in 
1779, by Anthony Chamiyr, Eft;. 
3. Cardamine nudicaulis, or naked-ftemmed crc-fs : 
leaves fimple, lanceolate, finuate-toorhed ; Hems naked. 
Stems about nine inches high ; leaves fmooth, firm, about 
three inclias long. It was obferved in Siberia by Steller. 
4. Cardamine petrsa, or rock crefs, or alpine ladies 
g P finock 5 
