CAR 
are only a few inches in height, and lie on the ground ; 
-the leaves are (lightly villo.fe, tender, rounded but fre¬ 
quently irregular; the liliques tender, and few in number. 
17. Cardamine ftoloniferu : Item-leaves oblong,' iinuate- 
toothed ; runners from the roor, and bale of the deni. 
Stem fix inches high, ereft, branching, moderately hirfute. 
Native of Carniola, Auftria, and the border? of Bohemia. 
18. Cardamine fcutata: leaves teraate, fcutate, curled, 
(tern almoft naked. Native of Japan. Porfter mentions 
a fpecies, which he calls cardamine farmcntofa, to be found 
in the ifiand of Teatitea, in the South Seas. 
Propagation and. Culture. Few of thefe plants are ad¬ 
mitted into gardens. The double varieties of the com¬ 
mon fort, No. 13, with white and purple llowers, deferve 
a place in fhady ntoift borders of the flower-garden, where 
they will thrive, and make a pretty appearance during 
their continuance in flower. They .are propagated by 
parting their roots in autumn; at which time they fltould 
be tranfplanted annually. The others are moflly low 
plants, growing in wet or alpine (ituations. The peren¬ 
nial forts may be propagated by parting their roots in the 
autumn; they require a (trong foil and flrady lituation. 
Some of them alfo, as No. 13, 14, 17, produce offsets or 
runners, by which they may be increased. There is a va¬ 
riety of the bitter crefs, No. 14, with double flowers, 
which may be propagated by parting the roots. All the 
forts will grow from feeds fown in the autumn on a fhady 
border, where they require no care but to be kept dean 
from weeds, and will flower early in the following feafon. 
Being very prolific in feeds, and their pods being provided 
with a particular mode of difperfing them, by means of the 
twifting of the valves in opening ; when once introduced, 
thefe plants will propagate themfelves in plenty ; but 
they will thrive beft in the (hade. 
CARDAMO’MUM, f. front xcifictpovy 
and ccyt-uy. or, becaufe it partakes of the nature of, and is 
like, both the cardamum and the amomttm. Blanchard 
fays it is from an Arabic word, cordumeni .] The carda- 
munt-feed, or grains of Paradife. 
CAR'DAN (Hieronymus or Jerom), one of the mofl 
extraordinary geniiifes of his age, was born at Pavia, in 
Italy, Sept. 24, 1501. At four years old lie was carried 
to Milan, his father being an advocate and phyfician in 
that city : at the age of twenty he went to fhidy in the 
univerfity of the fame city ; and two years afterwards he 
explained Euclid. In 1324, he went to Padua; the fame 
year he was admitted to the degree of loader of arts ; and 
the year following to that of doftor of phyfic. He mar¬ 
ried in 15.31, became profelfor of mathematics, and prac- 
tiled medicine at Milan about 1533. In 1539 he was ad¬ 
mitted member of the college of phyficians at Milan ; in 
1543 he read public lectures in medicine there; and the 
fame at Pavia the year following; but he difcontiiuied 
them becaufe he could not get payment of his falary, and 
returned to Milan. In 1552 lie went into Scotland, having- 
been font for by the archbifltop of St. Andrew’s, to cure 
him of a grievous diforder, after trying the phyficians of 
the king of France and emperor of Germany, without be¬ 
nefit. He began to recover from the day that Cardan 
preferibed for him, who (laid fix weeks and three days, 
and then left preferiptions which in two years wrought a 
complete cure. Upon this vifit, Cardan parted through 
London, and calculated king Edward’s nativity, for he was 
famous for his knowledge in aftrology, mathematics, and 
medicine. Returning to Milan, after four months abfcnce, 
he remained there till the beginning of October, 1552, and 
then went to Pavia, from whence he was invited to Bo¬ 
logna, in 1562. He taught in this lad city till 1570, at 
which time he was thrown into prifon, but fonte months 
after he was fent home to his own houfe. He quitted Bo¬ 
logna in 1571; and went to Rome, where he lived for 
feme time without any public employment. He was, 
however, admitted a member of the college of phyfici¬ 
ans, and received apenfion from the pope, till the time of 
his death, which happened at Rome Sept, 21, 1575, 
CAR 791 
Cardan, at the fame time that he was one of the ntoft 
learned men of his age, and deeply converfant in all the 
faiences, was one of the mofl eccentric and fickle that 
ever lived, defpifing all good principles and opinions, and 
without one friend in the world. The lame capriciouf- 
nefs that was remarkable in his outward conduct, is alfo 
obfervabie in the compofition of his numerous and elabo¬ 
rate works. In many of his treadles the reader is flopped 
aim oft every moment by the obfeurity of his text, or by 
digrelfions from the point in hand. In his arithmetical 
writings there are leveral difcourlcs on the motions of the 
planets, on the creation, on the Tower of Babel, &c. 
And the apology which he made for thefe frequent digrel- 
fions is, that he might by that means enlarge and fill up 
his book, his bargain with the bookfeller being at.fo much 
per fheet; and that he worked as much for his daily lap- 
port as for fame. The Lyons edition of his works, printed 
in 1663, conlifts of no lei's than ten volumes, in folio. In 
fa ft, when we confider the tranfeendent qualities of Car¬ 
dan’s mind, it cannot be denied that he cultivated it with 
every fpecies of knowledge, and made a greater progrefs 
in philofophv, in the medical art, in aftronomy, in mathe¬ 
matics, and the other fciences, than the mofl part of his 
cotemporaries who had applied themfelves to one only of 
thefe fciences. In particular, he was, perhaps, the very 
beft algebraift of his time, a fcience in which lie made 
great improvements; and his labours in cubic equations 
efpecially have rendered his name immortal, the rules for 
refolving them having ever lince borne his name, and are 
likely to do fo as long as the fcience (hall exift. Scaliger 
affirms, that Cardan, having by aftrology predifted and 
fixed the time of his death, abftained front all food, that 
his prediction might be fulfilled, and that his continuance 
to live might not diferedit his art. It is farther remark¬ 
able that Cardan’s father alio died in this manner, in the 
year 1524, having abftained front fuftenance for nine days. 
The foil alfo informs us, that his father had white eyes, 
and could fee in the night-time. 
CAR'DEN, a town of Germany, in the circle of the 
Lower Rhine, and electorate of Treves, fitnated on the 
Mofelle : twenty-feven miles north-eaft of Treves. 
CARDENNOS'S A, a town of Spain, in Old Caftile : 
four leagues from Avila. 
CARD'ER, f one who cards wool; one who plays 
much at cards. 
CAR'Dl (Ludovico). See Civoli. 
CAR'DIA, f from xsap, the heart.] By this 
word the ancients meant the heart. We underhand by it 
the left orifice of the ftomach, from its nearnefs to, and 
content with, the heart. 
CAR'Dl AC, [xxg&ay.ce, from y.xgS'ut, the heart. ] A 
cordial medicine, or medicine which comforts tile heart 
and ftontach. Modern phyficians fuppofe it to produce 
this effieft by putting the blood into a gentle fermen¬ 
tation, whereby the fprings, before decayed, are repaired 
and invigorated, and the tone and elafticity of the fibres of 
the veflels reftored ; the confequence of which is a more 
eafy and brifkcirculation. 
CARDI'ACA,/; in botany. See Galeopsis, Leo- 
nurus, Phlomis, and Stachvs. 
CARDI AL'GI A, J. sXyias, from the ori¬ 
fice of the ftomach, and a \ yiu , to be pained.] A pain or 
uneafinefs at the upper orifice of the ftomach ; called the 
cardiac paffion, or heart-burn. For the caufes and cure, 
fee Medicine. 
CARDIFF', or Caerdiff, the county town of Gla- 
ltiorganlliire, in South Wales, diftant 163 miles from Lon¬ 
don, 43 from Briftol, 56 from Gloucefter, 28 front Cltep- 
ftow, 33 front Monmouth, and 27 front the New Paftage 
over the Severn, it is fitnated on the river Tatf, which 
runs along the weft fide of it, and falls into the Severn 
three miles below the town. If is handfonie and well- 
built, enclofed by a (lone-wall, in which were four gates, 
and a deep ditch or fofs, which, with a principal watch, 
tower, are (fill remaining. There is a bridge of five arches 
5 over 
