CAR 
when judicioufly treated, good crops of turnips, potatoes, 
barley, and clover; the ground in the valleys is very deep, 
and, with fome exceptions, very dry, yielding good crops 
of hay for many years, without furface manure, which is 
fcarcely ever thought on until it is exhaufted, and becomes 
molly, and then it is turned up. The climate is much 
more mild than the midland counties of England. In this 
part of the country fnow feldom lies long. There are, in 
the neighbourhood of Cardigan, iron and tin works, eftab- 
liflied about thirty years'ago. Oats and butter are the 
chief articles of export. The foil of the upper diftrift 
is various, owing to the unequal furface ; in the valleys it 
is chiefly a ftiff clay, with a mixture of a light loam. Bar¬ 
ley and oats are the principal grain of the county. Wheat 
is commonly fown, but in a lets proportion than the other 
two. The principal towns are Cardigan, Llunbeder, 
Aberyftwith, and Trcganon; the principal rivers are the 
Tewy,orTivy, the Yftwith, and theRheidol. 
C ARDIME'LEC,/. [from y.a^ia, the heart, and p'-D 
mclek, a governor, Heb.] A medical term, ufed to exprefs 
a peculiar active principle refiding in and governing, the 
heart and vital fiindlions. 
CAR'DINAL, adj. Principal; chief. The word is 
formed of the Latin cardo, a hinge ; it being on thefe fun¬ 
damental points that all the reft of the fame kind are fup- 
.pofed to turn. Thus, juftice, prudence, temperance, and 
fortitude, are called the four cardinal virtues , as being the 
bafts of all the reft. 
CAR'DIN AL, f One of the chief governors of the Ro- 
mifti church, by whom the pope is eleTed out of their 
own number, which contains fix hifhops, fifty priefts, and 
fourteen deacons, amounting in all to feventy, who con- 
ftitute the facred college, and are chofen by the pope. 
In their firft inftitution, cardinals were only the principal 
priefts, or incumbents qf the parilhes. of Rome, in the 
primitive church, the chief prieft of a pariih, who imme¬ 
diately followed the bifttop, was called prejbyler cardinalis, 
to diftinguilh him from the other petty priefts, who had 
neither church nor preferment; the term was firft applied 
fo them in the year 150 ; others fay, under pope Silvefter, 
in 300. Thefe cardinal priefts were alone allowed to bap¬ 
tize, and adminifter the facrament. -When the cardinal 
priefts became hilltops, their cardinalate became vacant; 
they being then fuppofed to be railed to higher dignity. 
Under pope Gregory, cardinal priefts, and cardinal dea¬ 
cons, were only Inch priefts cr deacons as had a church or 
chapel under their particular care : and this was the origi¬ 
nal ufe of the word. Leo IV. in the council of Rome, 
held in 853, calls them prejbyteros fui cardinis ; and their 
churches, paroc'iias cardinales. The cardinals continued 
tilt the eleventh century before they got the election of 
the pope into their hands : but, when they were once pof- 
felfed of this privilege, they foon. had the red hat and 
purple ; and growing Hill in authority, they were made 
fiuperior to the bilhops, by the foie quality of being car¬ 
dinals. 
Du Cange obferves, that originally there were three 
kinds of churches : tlie firft or .genuine churches were 
properly called pacifies ; the fecon'd, deaconrits, which 
were chapels joined to hofpitals, and ferved by deacons ; 
the third were limple oratories, where private maft'es were 
fnid, and were di(charged by local and reftdent chaplains. 
He adds, that,Uo diftinguiftt the.principal or pari fit churches 
from the chapels and oratories, the name cardinales was 
-given to them. Accordingly, parilh churches gave titles 
to cardinal priefts ; and fome chapels alfo, at length, gave 
the title of cardinal deacons. Others obferve, that the term 
cardinal was given not; only to priefts, but alfo to bifliops 
and deacons Who were’ attaclittdpto certain churches, to 
dtfttnguifh them from tliofe who only ferved them by 
comfm-llion. Titular churches, or benefices, were a kind 
of .parilh.es, i. e. churches a’ffigned each to a cardinal 
prieft ; with fome dated diftriH depetfdingon it, and a font 
for adminiftering of baptilm, in cafes' where the bifnop 
him-lelf ‘could not adminifter.it. Thefe cardinalswere fub- 
Vol. III. No. 162. 
CAR 793 
ordinatq to the bifhops; and accordingly, in councils, par¬ 
ticularly that held at Rome in_ 868, fubferibed after them. 
According to Onuphrius, it was Pius IV. who firft enact¬ 
ed, in 1562, that the pope Ihould be chofen only by the 
fenate of cardinals ; whereas, till that time, the election 
was by all the clergy of Rome. Some fay, the election 
of the pope refted in the cardinals, cxclufive of the clergy, 
in the time of Alexander III. in 1160. Others go higher 
Hill, and fay, that Nicholas 11 . having been elected at 
Sienna, in 1058, by the cardinals alone, occafioned the 
right of election to be taken from the clergy and people 
of Rome; only leaving them that of confirming him by 
their confent; which was; alfo at length taken from them. 
See his decree for this purpofe, iifued in the Roman coun¬ 
cil of 1059, in Hardouin’s Afta Coiiciliorum, tom. vi. 
pt. i. p. 1163. The diftinguifiiing drefs of a cardinal is a 
fhort purple mantle, and a red hat. The cardinals began 
to wear the red hat at the council of Lyons, in 1243. The 
decree of pope Urban VIII. whereby it is appointed that: 
the cardinals be addrefled under the title of eminence, is of 
the year 1630; till then, they were called illuflrijjimi, 
CAR'DINAL FLOWER,/! in botany. See Lobelia. 
CAR'DINAL. POINTS, f. In geography, are the eaft, 
weft, north, and fouth, points of the horizon. The cardi¬ 
nal points of the heavens, or of an horofeope or fcheme 
for calculating a nativity, are the riling and letting of the 
fun, the zenith, and nadir. Cardinal Signs, in aftronomy, 
are Aries, Libra, Cancer, and Capricorn. Cardinal Winds, 
are tliofe that blow from the cardinal points. 
CARDINAL’S ISLAND, a fmall illand near the eaft: 
coaft of Labrador. Lat. 59. 30. N. Ion. 63. 50. W. Gr. 
CAR'DINALATE, or Cardinai.ship,/. The of¬ 
fice and rank of a cardinal.—An ingenious cavalier, hear¬ 
ing that an old friend of his was advanced to a cardinalate, 
went to congratulate his eminence upon his new honour. 
L’Jt/lrange. 
CARDIOSPER'MUM, f. [from xaficc, heart, and 
C7rspf/.a., feed ; the feed being- marked with a heart-fhaped. 
fcarorlpot.] The Heart Pea, or wild parfley ; in bo¬ 
tany, a genus of the clafs oHandria, order trigynia, na¬ 
tural ordertrihilatas. The genericcharaHers are—Calyx; 
perianthium four-leaved ; leaflets obtufe, concave, the 
alternate interior ones the fize of the cprolla, permanent. 
Corolla : petals four, obtufe, alternate with the larger 
leaflets of the calyx. Nectary four-pctalled, coloured, 
inclofmg the germ ; leaflets obtufe, growing- upon the 
petals, two upon the erect lip, callous at the tip, hooked 
at the fide ; the reft upon the clofed lip ; with equal Tides. 
Stamina : filaments eight, Tubulate, equal with the nec¬ 
tary ; antherre fmall. Piftillum : germ three-fided ; ftyles . 
three, fhort; ftignias'Ample. Pericarpium : capfule round- 
ill), trilobate, inflated, trilocular, gaping at the tip. Seeds 
folitary, globular, marked at the bale with a cordate icar. 
—EJfntial Character. Calyx four-leaved; petals four; 
heftary four-leaved, unequal; capfule three, connate, in¬ 
flated. 
Species. 1. Cardiofpernntm halicacabum, or linooth- 
leaved heart-pea, or heart-feed : leaves fmaoth and even. 
Stem herbaceous, twining, ftriated, unarmed, fiender, 
long, branelied ; leaves broad-,lanceolate, finuate-gaflfed, 
fmcoth, biternate ; flowers axillary, folitary, (mail, white, 
on long peduncles. The receptacle is a white fungous 
tubercle, faften'ed to tlie middle of tlie inner angle of the 
capfules, and the feed is fattened to it by a broad umb'dicdl 
fear. Seeds folitary, globular, black, marked with a 
white heart-fhaped umbilical fear. 
Miller fays, that' this differs from the fecond in having 
taller ftalks, and the leaves firft divided into five, an ft 
again into three parts. The footttalks are fhorter; the 
feeds, and the bladders in which they afe contained, are 
much larger, and the whotfe plant is finoother. Native 
both of the Eaft and Weft Indies, and- the Society Hies in 
the South Seas. Gsertuer obferves, that the feeds from 
the former are little more than half the fize of tliofe from 
the latter country, and that the cotyledons are flatted in- 
S 
