796 ' CARD 
pand. A few heads at the top of the ftem on fiiort pedun¬ 
cles. About Montpellier, county of Nice, &c. Peren¬ 
nial. Cultivated in 1570 by Mr. Hugh Morgan, 
iS. Carduus parinonicus : leaves femidecurrent, naked, 
undivided, ciliate, flower fubfolitary. Unarmed ; leaves 
fmoorh and even, with foft bridles. Native of Audria. 
Perennial. 
19. Carduus tuberofus, or tuberous thifile: leaves 
fubdecurrent, petioled, fubpinnatifid fpiny, Item unarm¬ 
ed, flowers folitary. Leaves unarmed, green on both 
lides, even. According to Pollich, the ffem is eredt, two 
feet high and more; corolla purple ; down dimple. The 
leaves, lays Haller, above are a little hairy, below fubto- 
mentole : in the Moutp’ellier plant hoary all over. Ac¬ 
cording to Pollich they are pubefcent on both lides and 
roughilh. Villars has a fpecies which he fays refetnbles 
this ; it is only three or four inches high, and has not tu¬ 
berous roots': there is only one purple flower, in an ob¬ 
long calyx, the fcales of which are not prickly ; the leaves 
are lanceolate, fmuate, ciliate, and beneath hoary. Grows 
in Montpellier, Leipfic, Bohemia, tlie Palatinate, Audria, 
Geneva, Swiflerland, county of Nice : flowering in July 
and Auguft. Perennial. Cultivated in 1683 by Mr. 
James Sutherland. 
20. Carduus chius: leaves dem-clafping, the lower 
ones femidecurrent, femipinnatind ciliate-fpinulofe; dem 
unarmed; peduncles one-fiowered. Stems the height o|' 
a man, branching from top to bottom, angular, villofe, 
eredt. Jacquin received it from Marfigli of Padua, about 
the year 1770. It is a native of Chios. 
21. Carduus parviflorus, or i'mall-flowered thiftle: 
leaves adnate at the bale, lanceolate, naked, erode, ciliate- 
fpinulous unarmed. Stem ereift; leaves repand-toothcd, 
green on both lides; flowers white, with very long flyles. 
Native of the fouthern fubalpine mountains ; perennial. 
Introduced in 1781 by M. Thouin. 
22. Carduus linearis : leaves fetlile, linear, ciliate-fpiny, 
fmooth ; flower's terminal folitary. Stem herbaceous, 
erect, round, Ariated, fmooth, unarmed, a foot high and 
upwards; flowers final 1. 
23. Carduus 'cafabonas, or fifh-thiflle : leaves feflile, 
lanceolate, quite entire, the edge with terrtate fpines. 
This is a biennial plant, which tiles with an upright (talk 
lix feet high ; the leaves are long, and armed with triple 
fpines at every indenture of the edge ; the flowers come 
cut in chillers from the top of the ftalk ; they are purple., 
and are fucceeded by fmooth, oval, black, feeds; the nap 
on the under furface of the leaves is thick and faffron- 
coloured ; but in feme plants it is hardly apparent. It 
lias the trivial name from Cafabona, herbarift to the 
grand duke of Tufcany, who lent the feed to John Bau- 
hin. Native of the South of Europe. Cultivated in 1714. 
24. Carduus ftellatus, or 'ftatry thifile': leaves fertile, 
entire, lanceolate, unarmed, tomentofe beneath; fpines 
branched, axillary ; flowers fertile, lateral. Stem a foot 
high, ftraight, round, cottony ; leaves three inches long, 
very narrow at the bafe, and about half an inch wide from 
the''middle to the end ; at every axil, except towards the 
■bottom, are four thorns, two on each fide; the Item di¬ 
vides at top into fevefal branches, each ending in a fpiny 
head, under which are three leaves; flofctules -purple ; 
annual. Native of Sicily and the county of Nice. 
'25. Carduus tnarlanus, or milk thiftle, or ladies thiftle : 
leaves Item clafping, haftate-pinnatifid, fpiny, calyxes 
leaflet's ; fpines channelled, doubly fpvned. One to two 
feet or mere in length, with white vein's on the upper 
furface ; (tern-leaves partly furrbunding the Item, fpread- 
ing; the uppermoft bent back; flem front three to fix 
feet high, branched; flowers folitary, large, purple; 
roundiflt, edged with fpines; middle ones edged with 
fpines towards the bottom, and running o.ut to a point, 
threading, rigid,' channelled'oil-the upper fide, and ter¬ 
minating in a ycllowiflt fpine ; the upper and innermoft 
lanceolate, without fpines ; feeds (hfiling, blackifti, crown¬ 
ed with' a liiffith, fi tuple, white, d9w.1vgrowing obliquely. 
u u s. 
The beautiful milky veins, forming an irregular network 
on the leaves, would form an obvious character to diflin- 
guillt this fpecics, if they were not fometimes found 
wholly green; we rauft then have recourfe to the ftrong 
fpines of the calyx. Grows on banks, by road lides, and 
inwafte places; flowering from May and June to July and 
Auguft. Mod authors mark our ladies thiftle as an an. 
nual plant, except Miller and Relhan, who mark it as 
biennial. Conflaut obfervation agrees with theirs; as 
mod of the thirties are biennial. This is eaten, when 
young, as a falad, and is by fome perfons blanched, and 
drefled as a curious difli. The tender leaves, (tripped of 
their fpines, are boiled and eaten as greens. The young 
ftalks peeled, and foaked in water to take out the bitter- 
nefs, are excellent. The fcales of the calyx are as good 
as thofe of artichokes. The root is good to eat early in 
the fpring. The feeds are large, and contain a portion 
of oil, whence they have fometimes been ufed in emul- 
fions, to thin the blood, and to cure flitches and pleuri- 
fies. With 11s thefe are not in ufe; and Ray fays that it 
is a culinary rather than a medicinal plant, and that it is 
frequently town in the EngliHi gardens for falads and the 
ufe of the kitchen. An enuilfion of the feeds is however 
Hill preferibed by the German phylicians in the pleurily; 
the dole from one drachm to three: and the Italian phyfi- 
cians gave the exprefled juice in agues. Granivorous 
finall birds feed much on the feeds of this and other thif- 
tles, particularly the goldfinch ; whence that bird has the 
name of carduelis. This plant occupies a confiderable 
fpace of ground in Apulia, to the excluiion of grafs, on 
account of the food which it adminifters to their cattle. 
26. Carduus fyriacus, or Syrian thiftle: leaves ftem- 
clafping, angular-fpiny ; flowers folitary, fubfeflile, forti¬ 
fied with about five leaflets. Flowers white ; the Egyp¬ 
tian variety has purple flowers. Native of Syria, Crete, 
and Spain ; annual. Cultivated in 1640. 
27. Carduus eriophorus, or woolly-head thiftle: leaves 
feffiie, pintiatifid in two rows; divifions alternate, erect 4 
calyxes globular, villofe. Stem four or five feet High, an¬ 
gular, driated, woolly, without thorns, much branched. 
Root-leaves one to two feet long, with diftant pinnasand 
linear intervals; above green, with numerous fiiort ftiff 
hairs prefled clofely ; underneath with a thick, woolly, 
white, down. Native of Britain, France, Swiflerland., 
Germany, Audria, Carniola, Spain, and Portugal. In 
dry paftures, by road fides, and in wafte places : flower¬ 
ing from July to September Biennial. 
28. Carduus altiflimus, or giant thifile : leaves feflile, 
pinnatifid, fmuate, ferrate unarmed, flem very branching, 
calyxes villofe fubferrate. Stature ten and twelve feet; 
diameter of the dem in the lower part near two inches ; 
it divides from the bottom into, many ftrong branches. It 
flowered in the Eltham garden at the end of Auguft and 
beginning of September 1726, and the feeds came from 
Carolina ; but it had probably been in the Oxford garden 
before. .. 
29. Carduus virginianus, or Virginian thiftle: leaves 
lanceolate, fpinulous, tomentofe beneath ; ftem unarmed, 
leafy, one-flowered. Stem (lender, a foot or eighteen 
inches high. Sent by Banifter from Virginia. 
30. Carduus heterophyllus : leaves ftem-clafpihg, lan¬ 
ceolate, ciliate, entire, andlaciniate ; ftem with one or two 
flowers ; calyx unarmed. Root perennial, creeping ; (lent 
eighteen inches high or ftiorter, erect, quite Ample, fili¬ 
ated, tomeiitofe ; flower one, purple, terminal. 
31. Carduus helenioides, or melancholy thifile : leaves 
dem-clafping, lanceolate, toothed, fpinules unequal, ci¬ 
liate, (lent unarmed. According to LfflnsetVs, this is very 
like the former, bntdoubie the height, and even as high as 
a man. Leaves fhining green on the uppertide. The roots 
creep. far under the furface. It has been cultivated in the 
gardens of fome quacks, who pretended to cure madne’fs 
wit’ll it ; hence probably the name of melancholy thiflie. 
This fpecies is found in mountainous paflures in York- 
fliire, Weftmoreland, Cumberland, and Wales ; Mul bar¬ 
ton, 
