811 
C A R 
flower ufually one, but fometimes more, three niches in 
diameter when expanded, for it doles during the night 
and in rainy weather; rayswhite, filming; flol'cules green¬ 
ish yellow, with purple toothlets. Native of Swilferland, 
Germany, Carniola, Italy,- South of France. Perennial; 
cultivated here in 164.0. It is fometimes found with a 
ftem twelve or even eighteen inches in height. This, 
Linnaeus lays, is the cafe only when kept in a pot; but in 
open fituations it has little or no Hem. Thus, however, 
neither of the fpecilic characters are conltant. The re¬ 
ceptacle, and upper part of the root when tender, are 
eaten : but the root of the adult plant becomes acrimo¬ 
nious, and is recommended as an alexipharmic. It con¬ 
tains an acrid refinous principle, by which it ftimulates 
the folids, dilfolves the humours, and promotes perfpi- 
ration. The dole of the root, when dry, is from one to 
two drams; when frelh, from two drams to half an ounce; 
but it is more frequently given in a decoCtion than in 
fubftance. 
2. Carlina Janata, or "woolly carline thiftle: item bifid, 
calyxes blood-red terminal, the firjft axillary feflile. This 
is three times as large as Carlina vulgaris. When out of 
flower, it puts off the wool. The juice is blood red. 
Found in the fouth of France and Italy ; annual; culti¬ 
vated in 1683 by Mr. James Sutherland. 
3. Carlina corymbofa, or corymbed carline-thiftle: Item 
nianv-flowered, lubdivided; flowers leflile, ray of the ca¬ 
lyxes yellow. Stem purplilh at top, l'carcely pubefcent. 
It much refembles the common fort; but the root, which 
is perennial, produces lev era 1 Items; the flowers are fmaller, 
but more numerous ; the ray is yellow, and each ca¬ 
lyx contains fewer florets. Native of the fouth of France 
and Italy. 
4. Carlina vulgaris, or common carline-thiftle : Item 
many-flowered, corymbed ; flow'ers terminal, ray of the 
calyxes white, or yellowilh. Koot long, fuliform, with a 
few Ititf fibres ; Item twelve to fifteen inches high, Iwell- 
ing juft above the root, round, ribbed, purple, liightly 
downy, fubumbelled at top. The flowers expand in 
dry, and dole in moift, weather; they retain this pro¬ 
perty a long time. The plant is faid to be an excellent 
remedy in liyft.erical cafes. It indicates a very barren 
foil; is found all over Europe in dry paltures ; and is bi¬ 
ennial; flowering from June to September. Linnseus ex¬ 
horts the botanilts of the fouth of Europe to obferve how 
this, together with the fecond and third fpecies, may be 
diftinguilhed, without having regard to the colour. 
5. Carlina racemofa, or racemed carline thiftle: flowers 
feflile, lateral, very few- In appearance and habit this 
approaches neareft to the third and fourth fpecies, in its 
whitifh Item. Thecalycine leaflets of the ray underneath 
are dark purple, but the upper part is rather yellow. It 
is allied to the fecond fpecies, by its feflile flowers, which, 
however, are much fmaller than in the third and fourth. 
There are no limits between this and the three foregoing 
Ibecies, except in their fize and the colour of the ray in 
the flower; though their habit be different. The nap on 
all is the fame, and they lole it when they grow old. The 
leaves have three nerves; the two fide ones run diftinftly 
from the bale to the middle, and then unite with the 
other : in each, fmall nerves run parallel acrofs from the 
principal to the fide nerves. The upper part of the Item 
is branching; branches alternate, one-flowered, corym¬ 
bed, with fome primordial flowers feflile in the divilion of 
the Item and branches. 
6. Carlina pyrenaica, or Pyrenean carline thiftle : ftem 
many-flowered, leaves decurrent runcinated. Native of 
the Pyrenees towards Spain. 
7. Carlina xeranthemoides: Ihrubby, branching, to- 
mentofe; leaves linear fubulate, ferratures fpinelcent, 
panicle terminal, ray yellow. A handfome Ihrub ; ftem. 
round, covered with wool prefled dole ; leaves fcattered, 
not decurrent, terminating in a fpine; upper furface 
green, fmooth ; lower white, with wool. Grows in Bar¬ 
rancas about Chaina; obferved by Maflon. 
CAR 
8 . Carlina atraftyloides: ftem branching; calyxes with 
cilitate ftpines. A native of the Cape. 
9. Carlina acanthifolia : lfemlels, leaves finuate-pinna- 
tifid tomentofe; divifions half-two-lobed, pungent. This 
differs from Carlina acaulis in the duration of the root, 
which commonly dies as foon as the plant has perfeffed 
its feeds ; in having larger leaves, lefs hard, lefs cut, and 
cottony ; in having the flower feflile, and the receptacle 
fucculent, flefliy, and fweetilh. This, therefore, is the 
fort whole receptacle is eaten, either as the artichoke, or 
preferved with honey and fugar. Native of mountains of 
the Vaudois, and other high alps : alfo of Dauphine, Sec. 
Propagation and Culture. They may all be propagated by 
fowing their feeds in the fpring on a bed of frefli undunged 
earth, where they are defigned to remain ; for, as they 
fend forth tap-roots, they will not bear tranfplanting fo 
well as molt other plants. When the plants appear above 
ground, they fhould be carefully weeded ; and, as they 
grow in fize, they fhould be thinned where they are too- 
dole, leaving them about ten inches or a foot alunder. 
The fecond year molt of thefe plants will flower; but, 
unlefs the fummer proves dry, they rarely produce good 
feeds in England, and molt of them decay foon after they 
have flowered; therefore it is pretty difficult to maintain 
thefe plants in this country. See Arnica, Atracty- 
lis, Carduus, Cnicus, and Gorteria. 
CAR'LINGFORD, a fea-port town of Ireland, in the 
county of Louth, lituated in a bay to which it gives name; 
chiefly celebrated for its oifters. The bay is a fine haven 
branching from the Iriffi Sea, with twenty fathom water. 
Carlingford is forty-feven miles north of Dublin, and 
twenty-four fouth-fouth-eaft of Armagh. Lat. 54. x. N. 
Ion. 6. 8.W. Greenwich. 
CARTINGS, f. in a fliip, timbers lying fore and aft, 
along from one beam to another; on thele the ledges reft, 
on which the planks of the deck are made fall. Harris. 
CARLI'NI (Agoltino R. A.) keeper of the royal aca¬ 
demy of London. He was a native of Genoa ; came early 
in life to England, and was an artift of great celebrity for 
the fkill and grace with which he executed drapery. He 
died the 14th of Auguft, 1790. 
CARLl'SLE, a very ancient city, and the metropolis 
of the county of Cumberland. It is lituated in the foreft 
of Englewood, near the confluence of the rivers Eden, 
Petterel, and Canda, which foon after fall into the lea at 
Solway Frith. The name of the city may probably be 
derived from its contiguity to the Roman or Pifts’ wall. 
The Romans called it Luguvallium, Luguballium, and Lu- 
guballia. The Saxons, in imitation of the Britilh name, 
called it Caer Lyell, i. e. the city near the wall; and hence, 
Carlille. It is diftant from Newcaftle 56 miles, 91 from 
Edinburgh, 104 from Glafgow, 28 from Maryport, and 
300 from London. It is governed by a mayor, recor¬ 
der, twelve aldermen, twenty-four cominon-councilmen, 
and other lubordinate officers, and fends two members to 
parliament. Being a frontier town, it is fortified with a 
wall, a citadel, and a caftle. The wall was firft built by 
Egfrid, king of Northumberland, in the leventh century; 
the citadel and caftle by William Rufus. The wail has 
three gates or entrances into the city ; the Englilh gate, 
fouthward, the Scotch gate northward, and the Irifh gate 
weftward. The wall and citadel are in a ruinous ftate ; 
but the caftle is kept in repair, and guns are mounted on 
the ramparts ; to it belong a governor, a lieutenant-gover¬ 
nor, a town-major, See. but no garrifon. The caftle, though 
a place of ftrength, could not withftand the attacks of a 
regular flege. The duke of Cumberland, in 1745, foon 
forced the rebels to capitulate. The caftle itlelf cannot 
much attract the attention of ftrangers; the rooms are out 
of repair; even that in which Mary, die beautiful but 
unfortunate queen of Scots, was detained prifoner, is a drea¬ 
ry place> nothing to be feen but bare walls; but the view 
of the furrounding country from the top of the caltle, or 
from the ramparts, will give pleafure to thofe who have a 
tafte for rural lcenesthe fore-ground is formed of level 
meads. 
