820 CARO 
fevers, which often prove fatal, as bilious or nervous 
fymptoms prevail. The weftern hilly parts of the ftate are 
fts healthy as any part of America; the country is fertile, 
and full of fprings and rivulets ; autumn is very pleafant, 
both in regard to the temperature and ferenity of the wea¬ 
ther, and the richnefs and variety'of the vegetable pro¬ 
ductions, which the feafon affords ; and the winters are 
fo mild in f'ome years, that autumn may be faid to con¬ 
tinue till fpriug. Wheat harveft is in the beginning of 
June, and that of Indian corn early in September. 
1 he large natural grow th of the plains, in the low coun¬ 
try, is alfnoft tiniverlally pitch pine, which is a tall late¬ 
ly tree, far fuperior to the pitch pine of the northern (fates; 
this tree may be called the ftaple cominodity of North 
Carolina ; it affords pitch, tar, turpentine, and various 
kinds of lumber, which, together, conrtitute at lead one 
half of the exports of this (late. No country produces fi¬ 
ner white and red oak for (laves ; the fwamps abound w'ith 
cvprefs and bay trees ; the latter is an evergreen, afford¬ 
ing food for the cattle in winter. The miffletoe is com¬ 
mon in the back couutry. The late war, by which North 
Carolina differed, put a (top to feveral iron-works ; there 
are four or-five furnaces in the (fate, and a proportionable 
number of forges. The weftern parts of this ftate, which 
have been fettled within the laft forty years, are chiefty 
inhabited by Prefbyterians from Pennfylvania, the defcend- 
ants of people from the north of IVeland, who are exceed¬ 
ingly attached to the doctrines, difcipline, and ufages, of 
the churc h of Scotland, and are a regular induftrious peo¬ 
ple ; the Moravians have feveral flonriftiing fettlements 
in the upper part of this ftate ; the Friends, or Quakers, 
have a fettlement at New-Garden, in Guildford county, 
and feveral congregations at Pequimins and Pafquotank ; 
the Methodifts and Baptifts are numerous and increating. 
The general affembly of North Carolina, in December, 
1789, palled a law incorporating forty gentlemen, five 
from each diftridt, as truftees of the Univerfity of North 
Carolina ; the ftate has gTven hand fo me donations for the 
endowment of this feminary ; and, the general affembly, 
in December, 1791, loaned 5,000!. to the truftees, to en¬ 
able them to proceed with their buildings. North Caro¬ 
lina has had a rapid increafe fince the year 1710, wlien it 
contained but about 1200 fencible men; in 1794, (lie num¬ 
ber was eftimated at 50,000; and is now, in point of num¬ 
ber, the fourth ftate in the union. By the conftitution of 
this ftate, which w'as ratified in December 1796, all legif- 
lative authority is vefted in two diftinft branches, both de¬ 
pendent on the people, viz. a fenate and houfe of com¬ 
mons, which, when convened for bufinefs, are ftyled the 
general affembly; the fenate is compofed of reprefenta- 
tives, one from each county, chofen annually by ballot ; 
the houfe of commons confiffs of reprefentatives chofen in 
the fame way, two for each county, and one for each of 
the towns of Edenton, Newbern, Wilmington, Salifbury, 
Hillfborough, Halifax, and Fayetteville. From the beft 
accounts that hiftory affords, the firft permanent fettlement 
in North Carolina was made about the year 1710, by a 
number of Palatines from Germany, who had been redu¬ 
ced to circumftances of great indigence, by a calamitous 
war. The infant colony remained under the general go¬ 
vernment of South Carolina, till about the year 1729, 
when (even of the proprietors, for a valuable confidera- 
tion, vefted their property and jurifdiCtion in the crown; 
and the colony was erefled into a feparate province, by 
the name of North Carolina, and its prefent limits eftab- 
lifhed by an order of George II. 
CAROT.I'NA (South), one of the United States of 
America, bounded north by North Carolina, eaft by the 
Atlantic Ocean, Couth and Couth-weft by the Savannah ri¬ 
ver, and a branch of its waters, called Tugulo river, which 
divides this ftate from Georgia. It lies between 32. o. 
and 35.0. N. lat. and between 78, o. and 81. W. Ion. from 
Greenwich. It is in length about 200 miles, in breadth 
125, and contains 20,000 {quare miles. It is divided into 
nine diftriCts; Charleftown, Beaufort, and Georgetown, 
LINA. 
conftitute what is called the Lower Country 3 Ninety-fix, 
Wafliington, Pinckney, Camden, Orangeburg, and Che- 
raw diftricts, are comprehended in the Upper Country. 
By a late arrangement the name of county is given to the 
fubdivifion of thofe diftridts only, in which county-courts 
are eftablifhed. In the lower diftrifts, the fubdivifions- 
are called parifhes, arid-made only for the purpofe of elect¬ 
ing the members of the ftate legiflature ; the total number 
of inhabitants in 1790, was 249,073. This ftate is water¬ 
ed by many navigable rivers, the principal of which are 
Savannah, Edifto, Santee, Pedee, and their branches ; the 
Santee is the largeft river in the ftate; thofe of a fecon- 
dary fize, are Wakkamaw, Black, Cooper, Afhepoo, and 
Combahee, rivers; in the third clafs are comprehended 
thofe rivers which extend but a fliort diftance from the 
ocean, and ferve, by branching into nutnberlefs creeks, as 
drains to carry off the rain water which comes down from 
the large inland fwamps, or are merely arms of the fea. 
The tide in no part of the ftate flows above 25 miles in¬ 
land. The ciily harbours of note, are thofe of Charlef- 
town, Port-Royal, and Georgetown. The climate is dif¬ 
ferent in different parts of the ftate; along the fea-coaft, 
bilious difeafes and fevers of various kinds are prevalent 
between July and October; the probability of dying is 
much greater between the 20th of June and the 20th of 
Qdober, than in the other eight months in the year; one 
cau(e of thefe difeafes, is, a low marftiy country, which is 
overflowed fpr the fake of cultivating rice; the exhala¬ 
tions from thefe ftagnated waters, from the rivers, and 
from the neighbouring ocean, and the profufe peripira- 
tion of vegetables of all kinds, which cover the ground, 
fill the air with moifture: this moifture falls in fre¬ 
quent rains and copious dews. From adtual obfervation, 
it has been found that the average annual fall of rain, for 
ten years, was forty-two inches, without regarding the 
moifture that fell in fogs and dews. The great heat of 
the day relaxes the body, and the agreeable coolnefs of 
the evening invites an expofure to thefe heavy dews; but 
not only does the water on the low grounds and rice 
fwamps become in a degree putrid, and emit an unwhole- 
fome vapour, but when it is dried up or drawn off from 
the furface of the ground, a quantity of weeds and grafs 
which have been rotted by the water, and animals and 
fifli which have been deftroyed by it, are expofed to the 
intenfe heat of the fun, and help to infeCt the air with 
poifonous effluvia. Within the limits of Charleftown, the 
cafe is different, and the danger of contracting difeafes 
arifes from indolence and excefs. Though a reiidence in 
or near the fwamps is very injurious to health, yet it has 
been fatisfaCforily afcertained, that by removing three 
miles from them, into the pine land which occupies the 
middle ground between the rivers, an exemption front 
autumnal fevers may be obtained : the difagreeable effeCts 
of this climate, experience has proved, might in a great 
meafure be avoided by temperance and care. The up¬ 
per country, fituated in the medium between extreme heat 
and cold, is as healthful as any part of the United States. 
Except the high lulls of Santee, the Ridge, and fome few- 
other hills, this country is like one extcnlive plain, to 
the Tryon and Hogback Mountains, 220 miles north-weft 
of Charleftown; the elevation of thefe mountains above 
their bafe, is 3840 feet, and above the fea-coaft 4640. 
There is exhibited from the top of thefe mountains an ex- 
tenfive view of this ftate, North Carolina, and Georgia. 
The mountains weft and north-weft rife much higher than 
thefe, and form a ridge, which divides the waters of Ten- 
neffee and Santee rivers. The fea-coaft is bordered with 
a chain of fine fea iflands, around which the fea flows, 
opening an excellent inland navigation, for the convey¬ 
ance of produce to market. The foil on thefe iflands is 
generally better adapted to the culture of indigo and cot¬ 
ton than the main land, and lefs Anted to rice. The natural 
growth is the live oak, which is fo excellent for flfip tint, 
ber; and the palmetto or cabbage tree, the utility of 
which, in the confmuffion of forts, was experienced du- 
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