sis ■ carp: 
fiolcs, which are (lightly pubefeent, half an inch in length, 
and having ovate red glandules at their bale ; they begin 
to open about the end of Mart h, and are ufually quite out 
by the middle of April. The flowers ate in full blow to¬ 
wards the end of the fame month. The horn-beam is 
very common in many parts of England, but is rarely dif¬ 
fered to grow as a timber-tree, being generally reduced to 
pollards by the conntry people; yet, where the young trees 
have been properly treated, they have grown to a large 
i'lze. I have feen fome of them in woods, upon a cold 
fhffclay, which have been near feventy feet high, with 
large, noble, fine, fierns, perfectly draight and found. Of 
late years, this lias been only confidered as a dirub, and 
never cultivated but for under-wood in the country, and 
in the nutferies to form hedges, after the French tafte ; 
for in mod of their great gardens, their cabinets, &c. are 
formed of thefe trees, as are their trellifes and hedges 
which furround their plantations. But, fince thefe fort ol 
ornaments have been aimed; banidied from the Engliflt 
gardens, there has been little demand for thefe trees in 
the nurferies. Miller has a variety, culled the eaftern 
horn-beam, a free of humble growth, rarely riling above 
ten or twelve feet high in this country, (hooting out many 
horizontal irregular branches, fo that it cannot ealily be 
trained up to a dem.. The leaves of this fort are much 
fmaller than tliofe of the common horn-beam, and the 
branches grow elofer together, therefore may be very 
proper for low hedges, where they are wanted-in gardens; 
being a very tonfile plant, it may be kept in lefs compafs 
than alinod any deciduous tree. 
2. Carpintis oftrya, or hop horn-beam : feales of the 
drobiles inflated. The female fruits referable hops, but 
are made of inflated feales, clofed on every fide, villofe 
at the bafe, including a bilocular feed. It differs from 
the firli fpecies in having branched filaments ; e-marginat- 
ed antherae ; the female ament compofed of little com- 
prelfed bags indead of feales, and a bilocular nut. Leaves 
elliptic, acuminate, doubly-toothed, nerved, the nerves 
ferruginous. Male aments terminal, the length of a fin¬ 
ger; females white. Cultivated in x730. The hop horn¬ 
beam flieds its leaves in winter, with the elm, and other 
deciduous trees. This tree was fird obfei ved in Italy, and 
is very common in Germany, growing promifcuoufly with 
the common fort. It is alfo laid to grow plentifully in 
many parts of North America, but it is doubtful whether 
that is not a different fort from this. The hop horn-beam 
is of quicker growth than the common fort, but what the 
wood of that will be we do not know, for there are but few 
of the trees in England growing upon their own roots, 
mod of them having been grafted upon the common horn¬ 
beam,. which is the ufual method of propagating them in 
the nurferies ; but the trees fo railed are of fliort duration, 
for the graft generally grows much fader than the dock, 
fo that in a few years there is a great dilproportion in their 
fize ; and, where they happen to band expofed to ftrong 
winds, the graft is frequently broken from the dock, after 
many.years growth; for which reafon we would caution 
every perfon not to purchafe any of thefe trees which have 
been fo propagated. 
3. Carpinus virginiana, or flowering horn-beam: leaves 
lanceolate acuminate; drobiles very long. The Virgi¬ 
nian flowering horn-beam will grow to the height of tliiity 
feet, or more, and is of quicker growth than either of the 
former flirts : it deeds its leaves in autumn, about the fame 
time witli the elm : and, during the time of its verdure, 
this tree makes a good appearance, being well clot lied 
with leaves, which are of a deep, drong, green colour, 
refembling more the long-leaved elm than the horn-beam. 
4. Carpinus duinenfis: feales fubcordate, doubly tooth¬ 
ed ; female ament ovate. Two fathoms high ; trunk (hort 
and foon dividing into brandies; leaves ovate, acuminate, 
doubly ferrate, fmooth, h.trdifli, on fhort petioles, and 
having two deciduous dipnlesat the bale. Female aments 
a little longer than the leaves, formed of hard, imbricate, 
N U S. 
ovate, or femicordate, feales, infie&ed on one fide to the 
bafe, and under this flexure covering the germ, which is 
not driated, obtufangular, as in the fird fpecies, glolly, 
crowned with a five-toothed calyx, which in carpinus be- 
tulus is four-toothed. 
Propagation and Culture. As the common horn-beam will 
thrive upon cold, barren, expofed, hills, and in Inch (Iter¬ 
ations where few other forts will grow, it may be culti¬ 
vated to great advantage by the proprietors of fuch lands. 
It will relid the violence of winds better than mod other 
trees, and is by no means flow in its growth. But, where 
thefe are propagated for timber, they fhould be railed 
from feeds, upon the fame foil, and in the fame fituation, 
where they are defigned to grow ; and not brought from 
a better land, and a warmer fituation, as is too frequently 
praflifed. Nor fhould they be propagated by layers, 
which is the common method where they are intended for 
hedges or underwood ; for which thole fo railed will an- 
fwer the purpofe full as well as thofe raifed from feeds, 
but the latter muft always be preferred for timber-trees. 
The feeds of this tree fiiould be fovvn in the autumn, foon 
after they are ripe; for, if they are kept out of the ground 
till fpring, the plants will not come up till the following 
year. When the plants appear, they muft be kept very 
clear from weeds, and treated as other foreft-trees ; in two 
years time they will be fit to tranfplant, for the fooner all 
trees which are defigned for timber are planted where they 
are to remain, the larger they will grow, and the wood 
will be firmer and more durable. If thefe are not inter¬ 
mixed with other trees, they fhould be planted pretty 
clofe, efpecially pn the outfide of the plantations, that 
they may protect and draw each other up: and, if they are 
kept clean from weeds three or four years, it will greatly 
promote their growth ; after that, they will have ob¬ 
tained fufficient ftrength to keep down the weeds them, 
felves. Others prefer keeping the feeds in fand till the 
fpring, and then fowing them in rows two feet and a half 
afunder, and a foot diftance in the rows, or elfe broadcaft 
and thin on beds of frefti earth, three feet and a half or 
four feet in breadth, with alleys between of eighteen inclies 
or two feet ; covering the feeds three quarters of an inch 
deep: and in February following loofening the furface, fo 
as not to diflurb the feeds, and fprinkling on fome frefti 
mould. In thefe beds they may remain three years; and 
by that time they will be fit either for hedges or woods. 
For the former purpofe, they may be removed into ten- 
feerrows, and five feet from eacli other in the rows, train¬ 
ing them annually, and keeping them light and thin at top. 
After four years they will be (even or eight feet high, and 
may be planted out complete hedges where they are de¬ 
figned to remain. The flraighteft plants may be refervecl 
for trees, and planted from the firft nurfety, in rows five 
feet afunder, and two feet diftance in the rows. Some prefer 
the fpring for tranfplanting; and others recommend it to 
be performed early in October. For a wood of horn-beam, 
Mr. Hanbury recommends to prepare the ground by a 
crop of oats, barley, or turnips, to plough very dee.p 
when thefe are off, and to harrow well. Juft before plant¬ 
ing, to crofs-plough and harrow as before. To plant 
from the feminary at two years old, in four-feet rows, at 
two feet diftance in the rows. When they are too thick* 
to take away every other tree, and to tlvin them afterwards 
as often as their heads touch. Where hares and rabbits 
cannot be kept out, they muft: continue in the nurlery till 
their leading (hoot is out of reach. As the trees advance 
in growth, they muft be thinned with caution, cutting 
away the moll unpromifing plants gradually, fo as not to 
let in too much cold at once, efpecially on the borders of 
the plantation. The timber of this tree is very tough and 
flexible, and might be converted to many nfeful purpofqs, 
if it were fuffered to grow to a proper lize. But, this not 
having been the cafe, the principal tries it is applied to is 
for turnery ware, for which it is an excellent wood, for 
mill-cogs, heads of beetles, flocks and handles of tools, 
