CAR 
verity feet broad, end fluff up with chains. The firft was ap¬ 
propriated to the merchants; and included in it a vaft num¬ 
ber of places©? refrcfhment, and allkindsof accommodations 
for feanien. The fecond, as well as the illand ot Cothon, 
was lined with large quays, in which were diltinCt recepta¬ 
cles for fecuring and (lieltering from the weather 220 thips 
of war. Over thefe were magazines of all forts of naVal 
liores. The entrance into each of thele receptacles was 
adorned with two marble pillars of the Ionic order ; fo that 
both the harbour and illand rep.ve'fcnted on each (ide two 
magnificent galleries. Near this illand was a temple of 
Apollo, in which was a ftatue of the god in lhafly gold ; and 
the inltde of the temple was lined with plates of the fame 
metal, weighing 1000 talents. The city was 23 miles in 
circumference, and at the time we fpcak of contained 
700,000 inhabitants. Of their power we may form fome 
idea, by the quantity of arms they delivered up to the Ro¬ 
man con fills. The whole army was aftonifhed at the long 
train of carts loaded with them, which were thought fuf- 
ficient io have armed all Africa. On this occafion there 
were put into the hands of the Romans, 2000 catapultae, 
200,000 complete fuits of armour, with an innumerable 
quantity of (words, darts, javelins, arrows, and beams 
armed with iron, which were thrown from the ramparts 
by the baiiftte. On the ruins of Carthage there now (lands 
a (malt village called Melc/ia. The only remains of an¬ 
cient Carthage confift of Come fragments of walls, and 
feventeen cifterns for the reception of rain-water. There 
are three eminences, which are fo many malTes of fine 
marbles pounded together, and were in all probability 
the files of temples and other diftinguifhed buildings de. 
firoyed by fire. It is a lingular circumftance, that the 
two rival cities (hould have been eredled oppolite one 
another 5 the bay of Tunis, and the mouth of the Tiber, 
being nearly in a direct line : 
Carthagio , Italian contra, Tiberinaque longi 
Ojlia j Virg. /En. i. 17. 
l.ittora littoribus contraria, fliuStibus undas, 
Arms armis. /En . iv. 628. 
The Carthaginians retained the laws, cuftoms, manners, 
and religion, of their mother country, and ever preferved 
an inviolable union with her. They alfo (poke the Ty¬ 
rian language, which is entirely derived from the He¬ 
brew. They had five or fix different orders of deities, 
but worfhipped in particular Urania and Saturn, to the 
latter of whom were frequently offered human facrifices. 
The government of Carthage, like that of Sparta and 
Rome, united three authorities. 1. The two fuprente 
magiffrates, or fuffetes, whole office was annual, and cor- 
rdponded to that of confuls at Rome. 2. The fenate, 
confiding of perfons venerable for their birth, experience, 
and merit, formed the council of the (late. 3. The-peo. 
pie ; who at firft left the chief adminidration of affairs to 
the fenate, till, grown infolent by wealth and conqued, 
they arrogated fupreme power, and governed the date by 
fa ft ion and caprice, which Polybius afligns as one caufe 
of her ruin. There was alfo the Senate of the Hundred, 
which was compofed of judges, who enjoyed that dignity 
for life, and, according to Ariftotle, had a•fimilar func¬ 
tion with the Ephori at Sparta. The fame author has 
marked two great defects in the civil polity ; the inveding 
the fame perfon with feveral different employments, which 
was regarded as a proof of uncommon merit j and an 
oniverlal bribery in the didribution of honour and pre¬ 
ferment. 
The character of this people is tranfmitted to us, chief, 
ly on the authority of the Roman writers. Cicero aferibes 
to them, confnmmate (kill, addrefs, and induftry, united 
with deep cunning ; this always leads to hypocrify and 
breach of faith, which was fo much their character, that, 
to exprefs any remarkable diftionelly, it was ufual to call 
it, Punic honour. They had a haughty and imperious air, 
and a ferocity which often plunged them into the mod vio¬ 
lent excelfes; of which their hiftory furnifhes fuch in- 
dances, as are not to be read without horror. 
Vol, HI. No. x6ti. 
CAR 
' Commerce was the firft and peculiar occupation of Car¬ 
thage ; it formed the bafis of the date, the foul of the 
commonwealth, and the main fpring to all her enter- 
prizes. Mifttefs of the African coaff, (he extended her. 
(elf along the ocean, and wafted her commerce to Spain, 
Mauritania, Gaul, and even beyond the pillars of Her¬ 
cules. The relation of Hanno’s voyage is a fine fragment, 
of antiquity, and evinces the maritime fpirit of his coun¬ 
try. We obferve in the treaty, which put an end to the 
firfl panic war. that Carthage was principally attentive to 
preferve the empire of the Tea, and Rome that of the land. 
The mines of Spain, poflefted by the Carthaginians, were 
an inexhattftible fource of wealth ; and hence we are not 
furprized to find them, after the greateff defeats, renew¬ 
ing their naval operations, and fending frefli armies to the 
field. It (hould rather feem a matter of affoniffiment, 
how the Romans were enabled to fupport fuch tedious 
wars againft them. But whoever attentively confiders the 
date of the two cities, after the fird panic war, will not 
be fiirprifed, that the mi ft refs of Afric and the Mediter¬ 
ranean (hould be compelled to fubmit to the yoke of Sci- 
pio. Rome was in her vigour; Carthage, which had be¬ 
gun to decline, was only fupported by the efforts of Han¬ 
nibal. Rome bad a united fenate ; that of Carthage was 
divided by irreconcileable factions, and had loft their vir¬ 
tue, the principle of republics. Rome, dill fond of agri¬ 
culture and a frugal life, bred up an excellent foldiery, 
who breathed nothing but glory; Carthage, bulled in 
trade, faw her people attached to riches, and inexperi¬ 
enced in war: fo that the Roman armies were compofed 
of citizens; while the Carthaginians employed only fo¬ 
reign troops, in whom is to be found neither zeal, fe- 
curity, nor obedience. 
CARTHAGE'NA, a feaport town of Spain, founded 
by the Carthaginians, deftroyed by the Goths, and rebuilt 
by Philip II. The harbour is the bed in Spain. Andrew 
Doria was wont to (ay. he knew but three good ports, 
which were June, July, and Carthageha. It is fituated in 
the province of Murcia, at the bottom of a (mall bay in 
the Mediterranean. This bay abounds in mackerel, fo 
much that a final! ifiand at the entrance of the harbour is 
from thence called Scombraria. It is the fee of a bifhop, 
luffVagan ofToledo. The neighbouring country produces 
great quantities of nifties, called fparta, from whence the 
town itfelf received the name of Spartaria, and the-county 
that of Spartarius Campus. Diamonds, rubies, amethyfts, 
and other precious ftones, are found here. It was a long 
time the Indie? of the Romans, and there are (bill filver 
mines in the environs. The harbour is fpacious, and (o 
deep that (hips tnay moor clofe to the land. It is a b a foil 
hollowed by nature, which feems to have (heltered it from 
the winds, by feveral hills, placed round it at equal dif- 
tances, (o that from the mole nothing but the entrance of 
the harbour and bafon are to be feen. No port in the 
world can be compared to this for fafety and regularity. 
The entrance is defended by two redoubts; the mole is 
protected by twelve pieces of cannon. The arfenal is ex¬ 
tremely large, and provided with every thing that can 
facilitate the building and fitting out of a (hip. Every re- 
quifite is there in fuch readinefs, that a (hip of the line 
may be got ready for fea in three days. To Carthagena, 
the Englifh, Dutch, and Neapolitans, carry merchandize 
of all kinds, and return loaded with fflk, wool, pot-aftt, 
and barilla. Twenty-five miles fouth-fouth-gaft of Mur¬ 
cia, and 115 fouth-fouth-weft of Valencia. Lat. 37. 33. 
N. Ion. £3. 38. E. Peak ofTeneriffe. 
CARTHAGE'NA, a province of South America, in 
the country of Terra Pinna, bounded on the north by the 
Caribbean Sea, on the eaft by the river of St. Martha, 
on the feuth by a part of Terra Firma, and on the weft 
by the fea and the gulf of Darien. The country is com¬ 
pofed of mountains and vallies, covered with large and 
final! forefts. The variety of plants and trees, as well as 
fruits, is wonderful, and the earth is covered with per¬ 
petual verdure, Wheat and other grain of Europe do 
not flourUb well, but Indian corn and rice are railed luffi- 
to PI den 
