8;?4 CAS 
France, in the department of the Lot, and chief place of a 
canton, in the didrift of Cahors: five leagues north of 
Montauban* and four fouth of Cahors.. 
CASTELNAU' de RIVIERE-BASSE, a town of 
France, in the department of the Upper Pyrenees, and 
-chief place of a canton, in the diftrift of Vic Bigorre: 
feven leagues north-north eaft of Pan. 
CASTELNAU' de STRETTEFOND', a town of 
France, in the department of the Upper Garonne, and 
chief place of a canton, in the diftritt of Touloufe : four 
leagues north of Touloufe. 
CASTEI.NAUDA'RY, a town of France, and princi¬ 
pal place of a diftriCt, in the department of Aude ; before 
the revolution, the capital of Lauragais ; fituated on, an 
eminence, near the grand refervoir which fupplies the ca¬ 
nal of Languedoc. It contains about 5000 inhabitants: 
twelve potis weft of Narbonne, and rfnety-two fouth of 
Paris. I.at. 43.. 19. N. Ion. 19. 37. E. Ferro. 
CASTELOMON'TE, a town of Piedmont, in the mar- 
quifateof Ivrea: feven miles fouth-fouth-weft of Ivrea. 
C ASTELPROTIS'SA, a town of tire iflandof Candia, 
on the fouth coaft : twenty-five miles fouth-fouth-weft: of 
Candia. 
CASTELS A'RASIN, a town of France, and principal 
place of a diftridt, in the department of the Upper Ga¬ 
ronne : ten leagues north-north-weft of Touloufe, and 
eight eaft-louth-eaft of Agen. 
CASTELVE'TRO (Lewis), a native of Modena, of 
the 16th century, famous for his comment on Ariftotle’s 
Poetics. He was profecuted by tire inquifition for a certain 
book of Melancthon, which he had tranfiated into Italian. 
He retired to Bafil, where he died Feb. 20, .15,7x. 
CAS'TER, /. A thrower ; he that cafts : 
If with this throw the ftrongeft caf-er vie, 
Still, ‘further-ftiH, I bid the difeus fly. Pope. 
A calculator; a man that calculates fortunes.—Did any 
■of them fet up fora cajler of fortunate figures, what might 
fie not get by his predictions ? Addifon. 
C AS'TER, and CH ESTER. Thenamesof placesend¬ 
ing in thefe words are derived from the Lat. cajlrum ; for 
this termination at the end was giVen by the Romans to 
thofe places where they built caftles. 
CAS'TER, CAS'TOR, or CHES'TER, [of ccafer, 
Sax. of cajlrum, a camp, or cajlellum, Lat- a camp or caftle, ] 
fet at the end of a name of a place, intimates there had 
in that place been a camp, caftle, &c. of the Romans ; as, 
Lancafter; the Saxons chufing to fix in fuch places of 
ftrength and figure, as the Romans had before built or 
fortified. 
CAS'TER, a town of Germany, in the circle of Weft- 
phalia, and duchy oTJuliers : eight miles eaft-north-eaft 
of Juliers. 
CAS'TETS, a town of France, in the department of 
Landes, and chief place of a canton, in the diftrift of Dax : 
feven miles north of Dax. 
To CAS'TIGATE, v. a. \_cafigo , Lat.] To chaftife ; 
to chaften ; to correct ; -to punifh : 
If thou didft put this four cold habit on, 
To cafigate thy pride, ’twerewell. Shakfpeare. 
CASTIGA'TI'ON, f. Penance; difeipline : 
This hand of your’s requires 
A fequefter from liberty ; fafting and prEyer, 
With cajligation , exercife devout. Shakcfpeare., 
Puniftiment; correction.—Their cafigations were accom¬ 
panied with encouragements; which care was taken to 
keep me from looking upon as mere compliments. Boyle. 
—Emendation ; repreflive remedy.—The ancients had 
thefe conjectures touching thefe floods and conflagrations, 
fo as to frame them into an hypothefis for the cajligation 
of the excefles of generation. Hale. 
CASTIGA'TORY, f. a ducking-ftool for fcolds. A 
woman indicted for being a common fcold, if conviCted, 
CAS 
ftiall be fentenced to be placed on a certain engine of cor¬ 
rection, called the tre-bveket, tumbrel, tymborella, cafigato>y, 
or cucking.Jlool, which in the Saxon language fignifies the 
fcolding-ftool ; though now it is corrupted into ducking - 
fool, becaufe the refidue of the judgment is’, that, when (he 
is fo placed thereon, (lie ftiall be plunged in the water for 
’her puniftiment. 3 Injl. 219. 4 Comm. 169.—It is alfo 
termed 7 zoginfole and cukefole, and by fome is thought cor¬ 
rupted from choaking-fool. Though this puniftiment is 
now difufed, Mr. Morgan, who edited a former edition of 
Jacob’s Law Dictionary, mentions, that lie remembers to 
have feen the remains of one, on the eftateof a relation of 
his in Warwickfliire, confiding of a lofig beam, or rafter, 
moving on a •fulcrum, and extending to the centre of a 
large pond, on which end the ftool ufed to be placed. At 
Banbury, in Oxfordlhire, this puniftiment lias been ufed 
towards common proftitures, within the memory of per- 
fons now living; and the pool for the purpofe yet retains 
the name ot the ducking-pool, but the engine v\as not lon<r 
fince removed. See Lamb. Even. lib.. 1. c. 12. InDoinef- 
day book it is called Cathedra Stereo alis, and was ufed by 
the Saxons for the fame purpofe, and by them caliedy«<z/- 
fng-Jiole. It was anciently alfo a punifliment inflicted on 
brewers and bakers tranfg re fling the laws, who were ducked 
in fercore','{[ irikin'g water. ' - 
CAST IGA ! GRY, adj. Punitive, in order to amend¬ 
ment—There were other ends of penalties inflicted ; ei¬ 
ther probatory, cafigatoryj or exemplary. Bramhall. 
CASTIGLIO'LA, a town of Piedmont, in the county 
of Afti: five miles Ton fill Youth - weft of Afti. 
CASTIGLIO'NE (Giovanni Benedetto), a celebrated 
painter, born at Genoa, in 1616. His firft matter was Gio- 
Battifta Paggi. Afterwards heftudied under Andrea Fer- 
'rari ; and lathiy perfected.himfelf from the inftruCtions of 
Anthony Vandyck, who at that time refided at Genoa. 
He painted portraits, hiftorical pieces, landfcapes, and caf¬ 
tles : in the latter lie is faid chiefly to have excelled; as 
alfo in fairs, markets, and all kinds of rural fce.nes. By 
this matter we have a great number of etchings, which are 
fpirited, free,.and full of tafte. The efteCt is, in general, 
powerful and pleating ; and many of them have a more 
harmonized and finitlied appearance than is ufual from the 
point, ,fo little alibied by the graver. His drawings of the 
naked figure, though by no means correct, are notwith- 
ftatiding managed in a ftyle that indicates the hand of a 
matter. His ton, Franceico, was bred under himfelf, and 
excelled in the fame fubjeCts ; and it is thought that many 
paintings which are aferibed to Benedetto, and are fre- 
quetly feen at fales, or in modern collections, are copies 
after him by his foil Francefco, or perhaps originals of the 
younger Catliglione. 
CASTIGLIO'NE, a town of Italy, belonging to the re¬ 
public of Lucca, infulated in the Modenefe: eighteen 
miles north of Lucca. 
CASTIGLIO'NE, a town of Ttalv, in the republic of 
Lucca : eight miles fouth-weft of Lucca. 
CASTIGLIO'NE, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Tufi. 
cany, jfituated on a lake near the tea. This lake, which is 
two leagues in diameter, and communicates with the fea, 
produces great quantities of fait. The- refervoirs contain 
4,859,000 cubic feet of water, which, after evaporation, 
leaves n,oco,ooo pounds of fait. 
CASTIGLIO'NE, a town of Italy, in the ftate of Ge¬ 
noa : twenty-three miles eaft of Genoa. 
CASTIGLIO'NE, a town of Italy, in the kingdom of 
Naples, and province of Principato Citra : five miles north- 
eaft of Salerno. 
CASTIGLIO'NE, a town of Italy, in the kingdom of 
Naples, and province of Abruzzo Citra: fix miles eaft- 
fouth-eaft of Civfta Borella. 
CASTIGLIO'NE, a town of Italy, in the kingdom of 
Naples, and province of Calabria Citra : feventeen miles 
fouth-fouth-weft of Cofenza. 
CASTIGLIO'NE, a town of Sicily, in the Valley of 
Demoua : nine miles weft-north-weft of Taonnino. 
CASTIGLIO'NE, 
